现阶段的人工智能技术及其应用显然并不具备自己的思想,其一切行动都是按照人类预设的规则来完成。现阶段的人工智能技术及其应用既不同于具有生命的自然人,也区别于具有独立意志并作为自然人集合体的法人。
从社会文化的角度出发,人的内涵包含了生命、认知、个性、情感、伦理、社交等一系列要素,这些要素共同组成了一个个鲜活的生命。反观人工智能,它既不可能产生生命,也不具有自然人群体中千人千面的个体差异,更缺乏人类所具有的道德、良知、情感、伦理、宗教和习俗。无论是人工智能无生命的生成机理,还是无道德情感的机器特征,都说明人工智能不具有人的属性。这些特点在现阶段的人工智能典型应用中体现得尤其明显。
2016年,谷歌公司的新一代超级电脑“阿尔法狗”又在围棋领域击败了人类优秀棋手李世石。“阿尔法狗”的深度学习算法已经迥乎不同于“深蓝”所采用的α-β剪枝算法。但无论采用的是哪种算法,人工智能超级棋手仍然是按照预先编制的程序运行的一种智能机器。从某个意义上说,打败人类棋手的并不是台前的超级电脑,而是幕后为这些智能机器开发运行软件的程序员。
时下很热门的无人驾驶汽车,各汽车厂商在宣传中往往以人工智能作为主打的卖点。无人驾驶汽车似乎已经拥有了类人智能,既可以像人类一样快速分析周围复杂的路况,又可以安全可靠地驾驶汽车。然而,无人驾驶汽车的实际工作原理却没有那么高大上。其技术路径通常是在汽车上内置高性能计算机系统,同时在车身四周和道路沿线安装感应探头,车载计算机系统通过感应探头发送和收集反馈的信号来计算车辆与周围障碍物的距离,以此控制车辆的方向与速度。相比而言,传统的人机交互模式较为单一,例如早期的键盘鼠标和后来陆续出现的语音、图像、视频采集等技术。无人驾驶汽车在交互手段有所创新,但L0至L5各层次的无人驾驶汽车所体现的智能均远未达到自我判断、自我学习的程度。可以肯定地说,无人驾驶汽车现在并不具备真正的人类智能,而只是人类设计制造出的一种智能机器。
机器写作最近也非常吸引眼球。以体育赛事新闻为例,各种体育项目基本都有比较固定的报道模式,使用人工智能技术抓取现有数据和信息进行整理和分析,并套入设计好的报道模板中,该类新闻报道便像流水线作业般轻松完成。由此可见,新闻“创作”机器人仍然是在人类提前编好的表达模板基础上,对采集来的数据信息进行筛选和使用。这类创作仍然依靠人类预设规则和预设模板去完成,充其量是在数据收集和使用的自动化程度上有所突破,但仍未达到人类自我创作、自主完成的智慧高度。
以上分析可以看出,现阶段的人工智能尽管具备了相当程度的高效率、高质量分析操作能力,甚至这种能力在很多方面已经远远地超越了人类,但人工智能对人类智能的模拟还远没有触及人类智慧的本质特征,现阶段的人工智能技术还未从本质上具备人类的属性。基于此,可以把当下阶段称为准人工智能时代。准人工智能时代的技术特征可以浓缩为三条:一是具有强大的存储运算能力,二是具有创新的交互方式,三是必须按照人类程序员预设的规则运行。
(摘编自曹伟《智能技术中的数据脱敏很重要》)
Until recently daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time or it (consider) an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties.But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming.Some think it may be a very (health) thing to do.Some researchers are finding that daydreaming may be important to mental health.Daydreaming, they tell us, a good means of relaxation.But its benefits go this.A number of psychologists have conducted experiments and have reached some (surprise) conclusion.
Dr.Joan T.Freyberg has concluded that daydreaming contributes growth.It also improves (concentrate),attention span, and the ability to get along with others.Industrialist Henry J.Kaiser believed that much of his success was due the positive use of daydreaming.Florence Nightingale dreamed of becoming a nurse.The young Thomas Edison pictured as an inventor.
For these notable achievers, it appears that their daydreams came .Dr Harry Emerson Fosdick offered this advice: “Hold a picture of yourself…in your mind's eye, and you will be drawn toward it.Picture yourself (vivid) as defeated and that alone will make victory impossible.
写出下列化合物的名称或结构简式: .
① .
②2,5二甲基 2,4己二醇的结构简式:
1)表达写信意图;
2)陈述当志愿者的目的;
3)陈述自己的条件(性格、英语能力等)。
注意:
1)词数100左右,开头和结尾已给出,但不计入总词数;
2)可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Sir/Madam,
I'm Li Hua, a student from Xinhua High School.
Looking forward to your early reply if possible.
Best wishes.
Yours truly,
Li Hua
如图是某种有机物的简易球棍模型,该有机物中只含有C、H、O三种元素,下列关于该有机物的说法中错误的是( )
We already know the fastest, least expensive way to slow climate change: Use less energy. With a little effort, and not much money, most of us could reduce our energy diets by 25 percent or more—doing the Earth a favor while also helping our wallets.
Not long ago, my wife, PJ, and I tried a new diet—not to lose a little weight but to answer an annoying question about climate change. Scientists have reported recently that the world is bending up even faster than predicted only a few years ago, and that the consequences could be severe if we don't keep reducing emissions(排放) of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and other greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in our atmosphere.
We decided to try an experiment. For one month we recorded our personal emissions of CO2. We wanted to see how much we could cut back, so we went on a strict diet. The average US household(家庭) produces about 150 pounds of CO2 a day by doing common-place things like turning on air-conditioning or driving cars. That's more than twice the European average and almost five times the global average, mostly because Americans drive more and have bigger houses. But how much should we try to reduce?
For an answer, I checked with Tim Flannery, author of The Weather Makers: How Man is Changing the Climate and What it Means for Life on Earth. In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting(融化) of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica. "To stay below that point, we need to reduce CO2 emissions by 80 percent," he said.
Good advice, I thought. I'd opened our bedroom windows to let in the wind. We'd gotten so used to keeping our air-conditioning going around the clock. I'd almost forgotten the windows even opened. We should not let this happen again. It's time for us to change our habits if necessary.
在戏曲的传承与发展中。我们究竟应该继承什么、_____什么?如何_____,使戏曲在保持传统魅力的基础上发展创新,成为当代审美的独特风景?有人说戏曲的唱腔陈旧、节奏慢,跟不上时代浪潮,事实上现代人听戏曲可以让不少处在紧张生活中的人又重新寻找到那份悠闲自得的生活情趣;还有人说年轻观众不懂历史,对外来文化的兴趣超过对传统文化的兴趣,但有无数年轻人为金庸、古龙等人的武侠小说中所描写的中国古人的生活倾心倾情。戏曲脸谱能成为时尚的服饰元素,好听的戏曲唱段仍旧被______,综艺晚会上的戏曲唱段更能引来不尽的掌声和心灵的______。戏曲能带给我们的应该还有更多。好听、好看的戏曲作品,依旧能赢得观众的欢迎。( )。戏曲在当代能不能受到欢迎。在于有没有好戏给大家看和听。如何切合当代审美需求,作为传统文化精髓的戏曲,需要戏曲人反思、反省、力行。
One day a rich man took his son on a trip to the country so he could have his son see how poor country people were.
They stayed one day and one night in the farm-house of very poor farm. the way back home at the end of the trip the father asked the son, “ did you think of the trip?”
The son (reply), “Very nice, Dad.”
The father then asked, “Did you notice how poor they were?”
The son said, “Yes, I guess so.”
The father then added, “What did you learn?”
To question, the son thought for a moment and answered (slow), “I learned that we have one dog and they have four. We have a fountain in the garden and they have a small river has no end. We have brightly colored (lantern) in our garden, while they have the stars. Our garden (go) to the edge of our yard, but for their back yard they have the whole horizon.”
At the son's reply, the rich father was speechless (无语的). His son then said, “Thanks, Dad, for (show) me how poor we really are.”
材料一:人民健康是民族昌盛和国家富强的重要标志。自改革开放以来,人民生活质量显著提高。但与此同时,富足的物质生活引发的肥胖问题日益凸显,这一健康隐患对居民健康产生了极大影响,引发了社会各界的担忧。
2016年,英国著名医学杂志《柳叶刀》的全球成年人体重调查报告显示:全球成人肥胖人口已经超过瘦子,而中国超越美国,成为全球肥胖人口最多的国家。
图1:2017年中国肥胖情况部分区域分布
图2:中国超重率及肥胖率统计
(摘编自《十九大首次提出健康中国战略以应对日益凸显的国民肥胖问题》)
材料二:
我国的肥胖情况呈现出两大特点:一方面是增幅迅猛。数据显示,中国的肥胖率在过去30年里足足翻了一番。其中6〜17岁儿童青少年肥胖率为6.4%,比十年前上升了4.3%。另一方面是腹部胖。不少人年纪轻轻就挺起了“将军肚”。
基因和人种对肥胖程度影响很大。浙江大学副院长朱善宽说:“因为基因问题,中国人的脂肪更倾向于堆积在深皮下组织和内脏组织中,这种胖相对于欧美人看得见的胖更危险。”饮食习惯也是造成肥胖的主因。中国作为一个古老的农业大国,饮食结构主要以谷物粮食为主,导致了国人遗传基因对粮食的代谢效率较强,对肉类和油脂代谢比较差。而这种身体代谢能力恰恰与国人饮食结构相背离,因为现代人肉类、油脂摄入量在增多,主食却吃得少了。另外,研究发现,如果父母中有一人肥胖,孩子发胖的机会是30%;如果父母双方都肥胖,孩子发胖的机会是50%〜60%。不仅如此,中国父母习惯用“吃”来奖励孩子,买甜饮料、吃汉堡是惯用做法,却无意中伤了孩子健康。
世界卫生组织总干事陈冯富珍说:“儿童肥胖是整个社会的过错,而不是孩子的错。”控制住“孩子胖”才有可能控制住整个社会的胖。这方面,外国一些做法值得借鉴。比如,欧美等国家和地区规定学校两英里内不能出售甜味碳酸饮料,不得在附近出售零食;小胖墩儿都要登记在册,学校有责任敦促老师帮助孩子减轻体重;印度对快餐征收“肥胖税”等。
(摘编自人民网“生命时报”专栏,2016年12月25日)
材料三:
5月20日是中国学生营养日,今年的主题是“营养+运动,平衡促健康”。20日上午,中国学生营养日宣传教育活动启动仪式在肇庆举行。笔者获悉,目前广东省儿童青少年的饮食结构尚不合理,营养不良相关疾病明显改善,而营养过剩如超重肥胖问题突出。
广东省疾控中心马文军主任指出,儿童青少年膳食中谷薯类下降迅速,蔬菜水果、奶类、大豆摄入明显不足,动物性食物尤其是猪肉摄入过多。同时,体力活动下降,静坐时间明显延长,体育锻炼、家务和睡眠时间缩短。“吃得多,动得少,小胖墩儿越来越多。”专家建议,儿童青少年需每天累计至少60分钟中等强度以上的身体活动,如跑步、健身操等。每周至少3次高强度的身体活动,包括阻力运动和骨质增强型运动,如俯卧撑、哑铃、仰卧起坐、举重、引体向上等。
活动现场还开展了学生营养与健康宣传教育活动,工作人员用方糖直观地展示了饮料里的含糖量。一瓶乳酸菌饮品中,含糖量竟然相当于13块方糖。“含乳饮料不能当奶喝”马文军指出,广东省儿童青少年喝奶量明显不足,只有推荐量的约1/5。他提醒,含乳饮料、牛奶饮品、乳酸菌饮料这些都是饮料,不属于牛奶。儿童青少年每人每天至少喝一盒奶,可以是纯牛奶、酸奶,也可以摄入其他奶制品如奶酪、炼乳、奶片等。
(摘编自《南方日报》,2018年5月22日)