人文地理类 知识点题库

    Arches National Park, located near the town of Moab in eastern Utah, is well known in the world. Experts say this park has the greatest number of arches of any similar geographic area in the world. Arches are formations that look like half a circle above an opening or hole in a rock. Arches can also appear as curved bridges between two large rocks.

    Scientists say the area began forming almost two thousand million years ago. As time passed, the area filled with material left by rivers. Other rocks buried the area. Then great pressure deep in the Earth created huge mountains.

    A soft rock called sandstone began moving under this pressure. The sandstone moved upwards when it met other, harder rocks. These sandstone structures continued to grow for about one hundred fifty million years.

    Arches developed from thin rock walls. They resulted when pieces of sandstone fell away from the formations. Scientists say water is the most important element in creating arches. Water destroys the chemicals that keep rock particles together. The rock breaks as the water freezes and expands. Then the wind blows away the loose rock particles.

    Scientists say that most arches seen today developed within the past million years. But they say the land formation continues to change slowly over time. New arches form. Older ones fall away.

    The rock formations in Arches National Park are mostly a deep red color. Rocks get their color from minerals. The red color is the result of iron oxide or rust (铁锈).Scientists say the presence of iron in the rock shows that the weather was hot and dry when the rock was first formed.

    Some American Indians grew corn, sunflowers, beans, and pumpkins in their gardens. To prepare a garden, they first killed trees. Some Indians put a dead fish into the hole where they planted the corn in order to provide food for the corn plant.

    The Indians made little progress (进步) during the thousands of years before the Europeans came. One reason for this was that horses, cows, sheep, pigs, and chickens were not found in America. Without horses, the Indians had a hard time digging up the soil, and they could only get animal food by hunting. Another reason for their lack of progress was that they did not know how to use metals to make tools. Stones and flat bones do not make good tools.

    Indian hunters would sometimes hunt for days without finding anything. They learned to follow animal tracks (足迹).

    They learned to listen. In order to get close to their prey, the Indians had to move quietly. When they were close enough, they could shoot their arrows. Often, the prey got away.

    The Mayas were Indians. They were much more civilized ( 文 明 的 ) than American Indians. The Mayas were great builders. They knew how to write down their words, and some of their books still exist.

    Canada is a wonderful country in North America. It's the second largest country in the world after Russia. In 2012 the population of Canada was around 35 ,0000. Canada's flag(国旗) has a maple leaf(枫叶) because there are many maple trees 1n the country. Toronto is the biggest city in Canada. In Toronto you can see the CN Tower. It is 553 metres high--the tallest building in Canada.

    Canada has two official(官方的) languages- English and French. Every Canadian child studies both languages at school. The French-speaking Canadians mainly live in Quebec. The native(土著的) Canadians are the Inuit (once called “Eskimos"). Many still live in the cold places in the north. They follow more traditional ways of living.

    Canada is one of the most popular places in the world. Lots of people travel there each year. There are many interesting things to see and to do. The Niagara Falls is the most famous. The waterfalls are between the US and Canada. The Canadian part of the falls is 49 metres high- higher and more exciting than the American part. Lots of people around the world come to see the Niagara Falls every year.

    Melbourne is in Australia. It is a beautiful city with huge gardens, great p and many amazing buildings. Many people come to v it every year.

    Melbourne is also an o city in Australia. It has an interesting h of more than 170 years. The first people came in 1835, and in the 1850s, gold was discovered. Because of this, Melbourne became a very r city. Many new buildings were b at that time.

    And t , Melbourne is one of the world's greatest cities. It is known for its beauty and its famous universities. It is also Australia's top city for sports. Many of them are very p . For example, young people are mad about f here. In 1956, the Olympic Games came to the city, and for the first time they were showed live on TV around the world.

    Melbourne is a nice p and you can always have great fun here.

    All over the world, people drink tea. But tea does not mean the same thing to everyone.

    In different countries people have different ideas about different tea.

    In China, people like to have tea with their friends. It may be at any time of a day. They only put tea leaves in their cups. They prefer (更喜欢) tea without anything else.

    Tea is also important in Japan. It is very popular there. People drink tea everyday. But they have it in a way different from that in China.

    In the USA, people drink tea at breakfast or after meals. They usually use tea bags to make their tea. Making tea with tea bags is faster and easier than making it with leaves in teapots.

You may have heard of the famous saying, "East or west, home is the best." What does the word "home" mean to you? How do you say the word in French? In Chinese? In your language? Even if (尽管) people usually know what the word means, it sometimes has no exact translation. It's not surprising, because the idea of home is different from country to country, and from person to person. A home is more than a roof (屋顶）and four walls. It's cooking, eating, talking, playing and sleeping that go on inside. And at home you usually feel safe and relaxed.

Homes look different in different countries. They also have different things inside. For example, in cold northern Europe, there's a fire in the living room or kitchen and all the chairs face it. In the south, where the sun shines a lot and it's more important to keep the heat out, there are small windows and cool stone floors.

We asked some people about their homes. How often do people move house in your country? "In my country many people don't stay in one place for a very long time. They often move every ten years or so."

— Cherry, Boston, USA

What are features (特点) of homes in your country?

"In Britain, even in town, there's always a garden. We have separate (各自的) bedrooms and living rooms. But we don't often have balconies. The weather isn't warm enough!

— Pat. Exeter, England

    In England, people often talk about the weather because you can experience four seasons in one day. In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring. An hour 1 black clouds come, and then it rains hard. The weather gets 2 cold. In the late afternoon the sky will be clear, the sun will begin to shine and it will be summer at this time of a day.

    In England, you can also have summer in winter, 3 have winter in summer. So in 4 you can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes you should wear warm clothes.

    When you go to England, you will see some English people take umbrellas or rain-coats with them on the 5 morning, but you shouldn't laugh at them. If you don't take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret later in the day.

    What will the weather be like? Some people say they can know what the weather will be like from birds. If they see birds fly high out to the sea, they know it is a nice day. Because birds don't like to fly out when it will rain. When the weather will be bad, the birds come back to the beach. A big wind may come with a rain. Birds do not like to fly in a big wind. They may sit in a tree when rain is coming. Other animals can also tell the weather. If it's a cloudy day and the rain is coming, chickens aren't quiet, and they are running here and there. Frogs are making big noise in the pool. If it is a nice day, the frogs will come out of the water.

    The Tower of London is in the north bank of the River Thames. According to the history, King Edward of England had promised to give the throne to William, Duke of Normandy. But at last he gave the throne to Harold Godwinson, his English brother in law.

    William was quite angry that he was not the king. He sent his army to fight against England and on October 14, 1066, the Duke's Norman soldiers won, and later, William became the king. At the beginning, the new king thought the people of London did not obey rules. And the new king felt that he needed to protect himself and keep the wild people of London in line. So he built the Tower of London soon.

    The tower was a changing project for the kings of England. King after king built upon the Tower adding walls and smaller towers around it. Around the year 1240 King Henry III made the Tower of London his home. He whitewashed the tower, widened the grounds to include a church, and added a great hall and other buildings. The Normans called the tower "La Tour Blanche（White tower）".

    As time went by, the addition of other smaller towers, extra buildings, walls and walkways, became the splendid example of castle, fortress, prison, palace and finally museum that we enjoy today.

Have you ever taken a flight from Beijing Daxing International Airport (BDIA)? After opening on Sept.25, BDIA drew attention not just for its design, but also for its many high-tech facilities (设施) and services.

The new airport, seated in the southernmost part of Beijing is made up of a main terminal (航站楼), a supporting service building and a parking lot. Together, they cover an area of about 1.4 million square meters, which is equal to(等同于) 63 Tian'anmen Square, according to Beijing Review.

The new airport is expected to handle 45 million passenger trips a year by 2022 and 72 million by 2025, China Daily reported. With more runways (飞机跑道) planned, the new airport will eventually handle more than 100 million passengers each year. That's around the total population of the UK and Canada combined.

The airport has many new technologies that make it smarter and more efficient (有效率的). It is the world's first airport with a double-deck departure and arrival (双进双出) design for its terminal building. "It's more efficient for passengers than any other larger airport terminal of the same size in the world," Guo Yanchi, the chief engineer in charge of (主管) construction (建造), told China Daily.

According to the civil Aviation Administration of China, 86 percent of check-ins can be done through self-service check-in kiosks (自助值机一体机) and 76 percent of luggage can be checked automatically (自动地) with the help of self-service bag-drop machines. Other technologies, such as a facial recognition system(人脸识别系统), allow passengers to have a quicker check-in and boarding process.

The airport will also use a robot-operated (机器人操作的) parking system. Drivers just need to park their cars in given areas. Robots will then carry them to an empty space. When collecting their cars, drivers simply need to scan (扫描) a parking ticket to find out where to collect their cars.

Hello. We are students from Thailand, and we want to save the elephants. The elephant is one of Thailand's (symbol). Our (one) flag had a white elephant on it. This is a symbol good luck.

Elephants are smart animals. They can play soccer or music. They can also draw very (good). People say that "an elephant never forgets". Elephants can walk for long time and never get (lose). They can also remember places with food and water. This helps (they) to live.

But elephants are in great (dangerous). People cut down many trees elephants are losing their homes. People also kill elephants for their ivory. Today there are only about 3 000 elephants (over 100 000 before). We must (save) the trees and not buy things made of ivory. Remember that March 13th is Thai Elephant Day.

Breakfast dishes in China are widely different in different areas. Here we introduce some traditional, popular, and famous Chinese breakfast foods. These dishes are easily found in streets every morning.

    If you go to Brisbane, Australia, you can easily get a small book called "Discover Brisbane" free. The book tells you almost everything in Brisbane: the restaurants, the shops, the cinemas, the streets, the buses, the trains, the banks, etc. Here is something about on page 49:

A city's landmark is usually the first thing that causes tourists' attention. It is a symbol of the city. Different cities have different styles of architecture. But a landmark means the most famous of it.

Columbus was an Italian. He believed the world was round, though few people knew or believed it at that time. He thought if he always went west, he would at last get to India. His friend, Isabella, the queen of Spain, gave him support which made it possible for him to start his journey.

On August 3, 1492, Columbus started from Spain with three small ships. He and his men stepped into what was then an unknown sea. Many thought that they would never come back. On and on they went with their ships, not knowing where they were going!

For a long time there was nothing but wide waters all around them. Day after day, and night after night passed by. The men who were with him became scared, and tried to force him to return. But Columbus was brave and would not turn back. At last, a land appeared.

When the people of the island saw Columbus's ships, they were very surprised. They had never heard of Europe or the people who lived there. Columbus and his men filled their ships with fruits, vegetables, plants and animals. He even took some island people with him as he returned to Spain.

When the other countries of Europe heard of the great discovery of a new world, they wanted to share in its riches. So many things like bananas, sugar and cotton were brought into Europe from there. And these things changed Europe a lot.

The potato plant which was taken back to Europe also changed Europe. As it grew easily in Europe, it meant more food for the people there and so the population of Europe increase.

Can you imagine a sea of sand three times bigger than India? This is the Sahara Desert, the largest desert in the world. It covers 11 countries in North Africa and is over 9 million square kilometers. That's more than 25% of Africa.

In the Sahara, temperatures are very different during the day and at night. It is much hotter during the day than at night. During the day, the hottest time is between 2 pm and 4 pm, when temperature rises to 33℃. But it is very cold at night—the coldest time is at 4 am, when temperatures fall to -1℃. The Sahara is very dry. The average precipitation (降水) in a year is only 70 millimeters.

How to stay alive in the Sahara Desert？Marco Rivera, our survival expert, has some tips.

Take warm clothes and a blanket. You will need a hat, long trousers and a woollen jumper to keep you warm at night. During the day, cover your body, head and face. Clothes protect you from the sun and keep water in your body. You will also need a warm blanket at night. It can get cold very quickly. When the temperature drops, it can be a shock and make you feel even colder.

A car is easier to see than a person walking in the desert. You can also use the mirrors from your car to signal to planes and other cars. You can use your car tyres to make a fire. A fire is easy to see. It will help people find you and it will keep you warm at night.

Try to drink some water at least once every hour. You need your water to last as long as possible. Drink only what you need. When you talk, you lose water from your body. Keep your mouth closed and do not talk.

If you eat, you will get thirsty and drink all of your water more quickly. You can eat a little, but only to stop you from feeling very hungry. Eat very small amounts of food and eat very slowly. You can live for three weeks with no food, but you can only live for three days without water.

I LOVE SHANGHAL I think I fell in love with the city even before I came here. In the Western mind, Shanghai (think) of as both strange and beautiful. It was known as the "City of Adventurers" and the "Pearl of the East." And when I arrived, I wasn't disappointed." western visitors can see, the city is really shining as a beautiful pearl(珍珠).

That was many years ago, but my love of Shanghai has not grown (little); it has grown more. The city that interests me so much has never stopped improving and it is now ranked among the ten best cities in the world. And the Shanghai government hopes (make) it the best city in the world by 2035. But what makes a city the "best"?

I don't know you agree with me or not. First of all, it has to have a good economy(经济) where young people can find good jobs. It also has to be a healthy place with a good environment. And, third, it has to be a place where people can relax and enjoy themselves. Most of all, a great city has to have great people.

Jack is an American student. He is interested in Chinese culture, especially the 24 solar terms. At the same time, he is a food lover. He'd like to know the traditional food on certain days. Can you help him?

Start of Spring (1^st solar term), February 3, 4, or 5. After Start of Spring, the weather gets warm and everything turns green. In many parts of China, people eat to welcome spring.

Clear and Bright (5^th solar term), April 4, 5 or 6. After this solar term, the sun shines bright, the temperature rises, and the rain starts to increase (增加). People usually fly kites and eat at this time.

Summer Solstice (10^th solar term), Jun.21 or 22. When the sun is at its northernmost point, this day has the longest day time of the year in the Northern Hemisphere (半球). As the days become hotter and hotter, people can eat .

Winter Solstice (22^nd solar term), Dec.21, 22 or 23. After that, the days become longer and the nights become shorter. Traditionally, families and friends get together and enjoy .

Lesser Cold (23th solar term), Jan.5, 6 or 7. After it, the weather starts to enter the coldest days. People around China are going to prepare for the coming new year. In order to keep warm, it's better to eat food that can provide heat like hot pot and .

In some western countries. many children do housework to get pocket money（零用钱）. They usually start to do this when they are ten years old.

School students have to do homework and study for tests. They don't have much free time on weekdays. They often do housework on weekends.

Young kids only do easy housework. So they don't get much money. But that's enough（足够的）. Many of them only want to buy candy. And candy is cheap! They often help wash the dishes, clean the floor. or fed（喂养）the pet cat or dog.

When they get older, they want to buy more and more things. They want more expensive things than candy. So they have to work harder! They often help their parents wash the family car, cut the grass. or cook meals.

Some jobs are difficult. But it is a good way for children to learn new things. For example, they can learn how to use a lawnmower（割草机）or how to cook delicious food. Of course, their parents help them at first.