人文地理类 知识点题库

Dear Maria,

    I hope you are well. Thank you 1your last letter. You asked me what my favourite season was. I think I like winter2. 

    Some people say they3winter, because it is too cold outside. 4 many young people and children like it very much.

    It snowed in North China last5. Most children didn't stay at home when it was6. They went out of their houses and played outside. The trees were white, the houses were white, and the land 7 all white. The children were busy8snowmen. Soon, there were9snowmen standing outside the houses. Many young people like to 10 in the white world.

    I like winter. What about you?

Yours,

Kangkang

Sydney is a young city with about 200 years' history. But in Australia, it is the oldest city. Sydney is the most populous (人口稠密的) city of Australia.

    The climate of Sydney is very good. The sky is blue, the air is fresh, and birds sing in the garden. People who live in Sydney seem to have an easy life, They will tell you,“Don't worry.

Many people think that Sydney is one of the most attractive cities in the world. Among them, Sydney Tower is the tallest. Standing on the high tower, you will have a great view of the city.

    The harbour has many bays and beautiful surfing beaches. Among them, Bondi Beach is the most popular, and it also serves as a large port. Ships carry wool, wheat and meat from Sydney to other countries.

    People in Sydney like to call themselves Sydneysiders. When they are not working, they love to have a good time at the beach.

There are about 65 million people in the United Kingdom. This is a big population for such a small country. But large parts of the country have few people. Most of the population is crowded into the big cities and industrial(工业的) areas. About 90% of the people live in cities and towns. Only about 10% live in the countryside. Today very few people一less than 2% of the population are farmers and farm workers.

    England has the most people. More than 50 million people live in England. Of these, about 14 million people live in London and the southeast. London is now a city of about 8.7 million people. Most of Scotland's population of more than 5 million live in the middle part. The mountains in the north and the south have a very small population. More than 3 million people live in Wales. There are about 1.8 million people in Northern Ireland and one third live in and around the big industrial city of Belfast.

I live in Delhi, India. It is a very old city 1 a history of more than 2,000 years. It is also a very large city with two parts — Old Delhi and New Delhi.

Delhi is a big business (商业) center. There are lots of stores and supermarkets. And a lot of 2 from all over the world come here to do business. Delhi is also a (n)3 center. There are many great schools with quite a few students studying in them.

New people come here every day, 4 Delhi becomes bigger and bigger. Traffic jams (交通拥堵) are very 5 in Delhi because the roads are not wide (宽阔的) enough for so many people and cars. There are always lots of people 6 the buses at bus stops.

The houses are very 7 there. Many people live in the neighborhood around the city. Most of them have to get up very early in the morning, and 8 get home very late in the evening. It is really hard for them to live such a life.

Now people in Delhi 9 to make more roads and houses. They are trying to make the city a 10 place to live in.

Lamu was a 12-year-old Tibetan girl. She wanted to go to Beijing to watch the 2008 Olympics. Only one month ago, Lamu still thought it would be difficult.

In the past Tibet had no railroad (铁路). If Lamu took a bus, it would take her a long time to reach Beijing. And a plane ticket would cost lots of money.

However, things changed for Lamu. She was able to buy a ticket to the world's highest railroad. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway had been completed! The 1,142-kilometer railroad runs on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau (高原). Lamu could reach Beijing by train in 48 hours!

About 550 kilometers of the railroad are constructed on the frozen earth (冻土). When the frozen earth warms in summer, it can move the track. But Chinese scientists have built a special structure to solve the problem. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been designed with the wild animals in the designers' minds. It also has special underpasses (地下通道) for animals like Tibetan antelopes (藏羚羊) to go through.

"The new railroad greatly helps Tibet's tourism," said Liu Yueqin, an expert at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (中国社科院).

As more tourists take trains to Tibet, there are more money for Tibetans. With the money, more kids can go to school.

The railroad also makes things less expensive in Tibet. Now one can buy a TV set for about 1,500 yuan. It used to be much higher than that price. When there was no railroad, it had been difficult to send things in and out of Tibet. With the new railroad, shopping can be more convenient (方便的) and faster.

There are many wetlands (湿地) in China ‒ and some of them have become the world's important wetlands. The Chinese Yellow Sea Wetlands are  them. They are in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. They are  to many different kinds of animals. The world's  Milu deer nature reserve (自然保护区) is on these wetlands. More than 700 Milu deer live there. There are not many red-crowned cranes (丹顶鹤)  in the world, but every winter, you can see some in the red-crowned crane nature reserve in the Yellow Sea Wetlands.

    The  in the wetlands is neither too high nor too low. There is   rain and sunshine, too. They are a good place for wildlife. But offering food and shelter for special kinds of animals is not the   reason we need to protect wetlands. Wetlands are important  they also prevent floods. But some people want to  the wetlands to make more space for farms and less space for wildlife.

    More people are beginning to realize the  of wetlands and wildlife. Every year, on Feb 2, many activities are held to teach people about the wetlands.

Welcome to our program. You may have noticed that the world's population is not evenly (平均) distributed (分散) around our planet. There are some countries where people seem to be living nearly on top of each other because conditions are overcrowded. Then there are others where it seems that hardly anybody lives. What influences this unequal distribution of people? There are specific advantages and disadvantages of living in a certain area. The two main factors that influence people's choice of location are climate and resources.

Climate is the usual weather conditions in a region (地区). Areas that have bad weather are generally less ideal as places to live in. The north and south poles at the top and bottom of the world may be beautiful in their rugged, natural way, but the disadvantage of the bitterly cold and windy conditions usually keeps people away. When it comes to climate, warm conditions and a normal amount of rainfall are advantages that attract people.

Natural resources are things that we get from nature that help us survive. Each region offers different resources, and therefore attracts different groups of people. People who enjoy the beach car make their living by catching and selling the ocean's many fish and other sea creatures. Those who prefer farming can take advantage of rich soil in valleys near rivers. Some people are willing to accept the disadvantages of the terrible conditions of deserts or mountains in order to take advantage of the resources like oil or woods.

A city without cars would be very strange, right? But Venice is such a city.

Venice is in the north-east of Italy. It wasn't built on land, like Beijing or Shanghai, but on more than 110 islands. Seawater is everywhere around the city.

Even so, travel isn't that difficult. The waterways have always been the best way to get around. There are 117 waterways and more than 400 bridges that can lead you where you want to go. People in Venice move from place to place by boat. They like to enjoy the scenery and cool summer nights while taking boat trips. They can talk to other people as they go along.

Venice grew out of small islands in saltwater lakes when some Italians escaped from a war more than 1, 500 years ago, and built homes there.

Water makes the city special, but it is also a big problem. Sometimes tourists will have such strange experiences. One moment they walk across the Rialto Bridge, and there's nothing special. But when they come back to the bridge an hour later, it's underwater and everyone is wearing rain shoes.

Once, people used too much underground water. This made the city get lower, little by little. Now the city has gone down by 23 centimetres. Another problem is the rising seawater. The temperature has risen over the years. This has made Arctic (北极的) ice melt (融化) .

Every year, high waters hit the city in autumn and winter. When a lot of water comes, more than half of the city is under water.

The Italian government has asked some of Italy's biggest companies to build the MOST project, which was planned to be built under the seawater to stop the rising water. Anyway, this project is helping solve the problem.

Gases from cars are making the air dirty. Dirty water from factories pollutes the rivers. But things may be different in 10 years in Dongtan on Chongming Island, near Shanghai. Dongtan will become the world's first green city in 2030. The city's houses will be around shops, post offices, schools and hospitals. People won't have to travel far every day. Most people will walk or ride bikes to work or to school. There will be more bicycle ways and walk ways than other cities. Buses in the city will use batteries and won't use gases. Buildings will be less than eight floors high and have plants on the tops of buildings. In summer, the plants can help keep homes cool to save electric power. And there will be its own sea wind power station in the city. 80% of the city's trash will be used again. In fact, people in Dongtan will use half the water that people in Shanghai use. Scientists say that Dongtan will be a green city for others to copy. If the city is successful, many other cities in China will follow the example.

The well-known "new great inventions" of modern China have made our daily lives more convenient.

High-speed trains

China created its first high-speed railway line in 2008. Since then, the number of passenger trips has grown by over 30 per cent every year. By 2016, more than 5 billion trips had been taken on the trains. By 2020, one-fifth of the country's 150,000 km railway network had been used by the trains. This network links more than 80 percent of the major cities across China.

Mobile payment

Mobile payment is turning China into a "cashless society". Instead of paying by cash (现金), customers now pay for their goods and some kinds of bills simply by typing a short password into the Alipay or WeChat app on their mobile phone.

Shared bikes

China has surprised the world with how quickly shared bikes are widely used. Nowadays, bike users can simply pick up or park the bikes on the street through GPS and smart phone apps. China's two leading bike-sharing companies, Mobike and Ofo, have been opening their overseas markets in Singapore, the UK and the USA.

Online shopping

With around 751 million Internet users, China has been the world's largest and fastest-growing online shopping market. Because of lower costs and fewer licensing requirements(执照要求), it's easier for sellers to open an online shop in China. In 2016, more than 20 million jobs of rural areas were created, with over 8. 1 million running their own online shops.

In 1867, an engineer named John Roebling was given the job of building a bridge to connect New York with Long Island. The project started off just fine, but only a few 1 later, Roebling died in a terrible accident. The following month, his son Washington was asked to 2   his work.

Building the bridge was a long and 3 job. Not only did John Roebling die, but also up to 30 other men lost their 4. Washington himself had the same bad luck as his father. In the early summer of 1872, he became 5ill. He couldn't walk, talk or even 6.

"We told them so."

"Crazy men and their crazy dreams."

"It's foolish to follow 7 ideas."

Everyone criticized(批评) the bridge project. People said it would never 8.

But Washington didn't 9. He kept his mind on the job.

One day, as he 10 on his bed in his hospital room, an idea 11 him. He could still move one finger. He decided to make the best use of it.

He touched his wife's arm with that 12. He wanted her to call the engineers. Then 

13the same way, he told the engineers what to do. The project started again.

For 11 years Washington 14 out his words with his finger, 15 the bridge was completed. Today the wonderful Brooklyn Bridge stands in all its glory. It tells the world a sad story, but also one of determination(决心). 

    In America, on school and work days, breakfast in most homes is a hurried meal. Some people even don't have it in order to1work or school on time. Others just stop at coffee shops for coffee. But on weekends,2are quite different. People usually get up late, so they have enough time to have a large breakfast.

    Lunch is just a3break from the day's work rather than a large, long meal. It usually lasts only half an hour or an hour, so family members do not have time to4home. Most people have a sandwich or a hamburger, and fruit or ice cream for lunch.5people either take their food to work in the brown paper "lunch bag",6eat a sandwich at a fast-food restaurant. Children prefer to bring the “lunch box"

    Dinner is the most7meal of the day in the US. At this meal, most American families can sit down together. It is usually a hot, large meal and it is quite different from lunch.8usually cooked dinner for their families in the past. Nowadays, however, with more women working and as a result, men are doing more in the kitchen.

If you have never seen Zhaozhou Bridge, you must have heard of it. It is the first bridge made of stone without any other material in the world.

Zhaozhou Bridge lies in Zhao Country of Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province with a history of over 1, 400 years. It was designed and built by Li Chun in 605. It's the earliest stone bridge kept completely. It's another name is Anji Bridge over the Xiao he River. It's 64.4 meters long and 7.23 meters high. It has only one main big hole under the width of 37.02 meters. The hole is made up of 28 parallel(平行的) half circles so that each of them can be fixed easily. For this, it was the hardest to be built at that time. It was built to be convenient for boats under it and vehicles(车辆) on it to cross. On the main circle hole, there are four small holes. That makes it stronger. And in that way, material is saved much and the bridge's weight is reduced to make it stronger. Its technology at that time was the best.

Now it isn't used for transportation because it has been a valuable cultural relic(文物), but have to be protected carefully.

Austria has been considered as one of the most beautiful countries in the world. Recently, an organization(组织) has done a worldwide search for the best places to live and visit. They looked at 40 different indicators(指标) such as healthcare, culture, environment and education. Vienna, the capital of Austria, is in the top four. With its rich history and culture, Austria is well worth(值得) a visit.

Vienna was once the centre of the vast(辽阔的) Austro-Hungarian Empire(奥匈帝国), now it's a modem city with historic roots(根源). It's got music, museums, shopping malls and restaurants and there is so much to see. One way to start your tour of the city is to go on a tram(有轨电车) ride around the Ring, a series of roads that go around the old city. Along the route, you can see the Imperial Palace, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Imperial Theatre, the State Opera House and Vienna's City Park.

Of them all, the Imperial Palace is the most spectacular. You can go on a tour of the Imperial Apartments or visit the Treasury, where you will see the crown jewels(王冠上的宝石). Also in central Vienna is the Spanish Riding School. You can see a performance of these fantastic horses and riders or view one of the morning training courses.

Music is everywhere in Vienna. You can hear the famous Vienna Boys Choir or visit the State Opera House. While you are going on a tour of the summer home of the imperial(帝国的) family, you can see some of the lavish(奢华的) rooms, including the Hall of Mirrors. Six-year-old Mozart once gave a concert there for Queen Maria Theresa.

Finally, you can't leave Vienna without having coffee at one of Vienna's famous coffee houses. There are many to choose from, but the most famous is probably the Cafe Sacher, where you can. also enjoy the most delicious chocolate cake in the city.

Paris is the biggest city in France(法国). It (be) there for more than 1,400 years.

Paris is famous for its nickname(昵称), the "City of Love". It is one of (famous) cities in the world. The city also has another famous nickname, the "City of Lights".

When the sun goes down, Paris doesn't sleep. It is beautiful with millions of lights through the city. However, many other cities around the world, such as Shanghai and Hong Kong, shine as (bright).

So experts believe Paris was the birthplace of the Age of Enlightenment (启蒙时期). The Enlightenment began in Europe in. the late (seventeen) century. During, that time, scientists (make) great progress in fields such as education and inventions, leaving away from the "dark" of the Middle Ages before. It lighted up the hope.

If you ever visit Scotland, you may want to visit the Pineapple. Built 1761, this summerhouse sits among （love）gardens. The top of the house was shaped into a huge pineapple, giving the name. Why on earth would anyone want to put a huge pineapple top of their summerhouse? In the 17^th and 18^th （century）,wealthy people in Europe were attracted by the fruit. Not only was the fruit in high demand, but also it was （real）difficult to grow the pineapple in Europe. So pineapples （call）the the king of fruits. The wealthy （require）their gardeners to find ways to grow the fruit. They began to do so in hothouses. The Pineapple also has a hothouse （grow）pineapples. Nowadays, the Pineapple is not popular, it is still thought as one of most classical buildings all over the world. If you have chance, just visit it! You will see how amazing. The Pineapple is.

    Shenzhen's fast development has made it become China's most crowded city! There are about 15 million people living on its 1,991 square kilometers. On each square kilometer averagely live 7,500 people. It is 1,080 more than that in Hong Kong, and nearly 800 more than that in Guangzhou.

    Besides. Shenzhen owns 2 million local vehicles, and about 300,000 vehicles from other places also run on the local roads every day. The total length of the city's road is 6,041 kilometers. It means each resident only owns 0.58 meters of road!

    As a result, the city is facing serious environmental and resource problems. One of the problems is water short- age. The amount of fresh water for each person of the city is only 25% of the country's average. What's more, most of the water drunk by Shenzhen people comes from other areas.

Dear Peter,

I know that you are coming to Hefei next week. Welcome to my home. Let me tell you the way to my house. You will live in Changjiang Hotel on Changjiang Street, won't you? OK! Changjiang Street is a famous and busy street in our city. You can start from your hotel and go straight along Tongcheng Street. You pass two small streets: Hongxing Street and Lujiang Street. When you see an overbridge (高架桥), please turn right and go along Huangcheng Street. It's an old street, but it's clean. There's a big park on the street. It's beautiful and clean. When you get to Jinzhai Street, please turn left and go along it. You will pass Wuhu Street and Tunxi Street. Then you can see a KFC on your right. There's a supermarket across from the KFC and my house is near the supermarket. There's a pay phone in front of the KFC. You can call me there and I will go to meet you.

I hope you will have a good trip.

Yours,

Li Li