选修8 知识点题库

假设你是高中生李越，有感于校园中存在的随意涂写（to scribble）和乱丢垃圾（to litter）的行为，请用英语给校长写一份封100-200词的信。信中应包括以下内容：①说明写信目的；②对这些行为进行批评；③提出建议。

注意：信的抬头、落款及信的第一句已给出（不计词数）。

July 8 ，2015
Mr ．Headmaster ．
    I'm Li Yue,a student from Class 1,Senior Ⅱ．……
……

Your faithfully,
 Li Yue

-Good evening. _______?

          Is there something unforgivably confusing about the unlimited use of adjectives and adverbs?

          Many famous stylists think so．Crime writer Elmore Leonard，who died last week，commented in his 10 rules of writing that using an adverb was almost always a “mortal sin(大罪)”．William Zinsser，author of On Writing Well，considers most adverbs and adjectives as “clutter(混乱)”，and Mark Twain advised readers to “kill” any adjective they could catch．

          Zinsser and Twain are quoted by Adam Okulicz-Kozaryn，assistant professor of public policy at Rutgers University Camden，in support of his view that the greater the number of adjectives and adverbs in academic writing，the harder it is to read．

He has published a paper in the journal Scientometrics analyzing adjectival and adverbial quantity in about 1,000 papers published between 2000 and 2010 from across the disciplines．

          Perhaps unsurprisingly，the paper，“Cluttered writing：Adjectives and adverbs in academia”，finds that social science papers contain the highest number of them，followed by humanities and history．Natural science and mathematics contain the lowest frequency，followed by medicine and business and economics．The difference between the social and the natural science is about 15 percent．

          “Is there a reason that a social scientist cannot write as clearly as a natural scientist？” the paper asks．

          Dr．Okulicz-Kozaryn told Times Higher Education that the analysis had been inspired by his own reading of academic papers，which suggested that political science in particular was “full of meaningless words that only add ornament(修饰)and weaken the meaning．”

He said the use of adjectives and adverbs also inflated article lengths，making it even harder for academics to keep up with the literature—a serious problem when the content of new papers published doubles every 15 years．

          He dismissed the suggestion that the complexity of issues addressed by social scientists demand more adjectives and adverbs．But he said he had no good explanation for overusing “fancy，meaningless language” in the discipline and aimed to investigate further．

However，he admitted that he had not analysed the frequency of adjectives and adverbs in his own writing．

          “Maybe I am no better after all．．．But I’d bet I am better than average social scientists，” he said casually．

    More over smart phone, the intelligent watch is about to take your spot as the latest hi­tech current, allowing wearers to glance at messages and even take calls without touching their phones. The i'm Watch, available since 2011, is the flagship product of an Italian company—i'm. This smart watch is an assist to the smart phone, with which it can communicate by Bluetooth wireless technology. It means you can leave your phone in your pocket as you answer or reject a call, review e­mails or read updates from friends on Twitter or Facebook.

    The i'm Watch also has its own applications, such as i'm Sport, which links with a heart rate detector (检测器) to allow a runner to check his pulse. Such functions already exist in specialized sports watches but not on watches that are linked to smart phones.

    With a square shape, a 3.8­centimeter touch screen and various colors, the i'm Watch sells for a minimum of 300 Euros ($390) for the basic model and prices climb to 16 000 Euros for a luxury model in silver or decorated with diamonds.

    So far, the watch has already found 30 000 buyers, 80 percent of whom are men aged 25 to 50. “Seventy percent are iPhone users, 25 percent Samsung and the rest are other telephones using Google's Android operating system，” said Massimiliano Bertolini, a manager of the company, which aims to sell more than 200 000 watches this year. The company's target market is the person who is always glued to his smart phone, even in meetings or at the movies, or people who wish to keep an eye on their heartbeat during exercise. They will especially target women with advertisements emphasizing its design rather than its technology.

    When I first entered university, my aunt, who is an English professor, gave me a new English dictionary. I was 1to see that it was an English dictionary, also known as a monolingual dictionary.2it was a dictionary intended for non—native learners, none of my classmates had one, 3, to be honest, I found it extremely 4 to use at first. I would look up words in the dictionary and 5 not fully understand the meaning. I was used to the 6 bilingual dictionaries, in which the words are 7 both in English and Chinese. I really wondered why my aunt 8 to make things so difficult for me. Now, after studying English at university for three years, I 9 that monolingual dictionaries are 10 in learning a foreign language As I found out, there is 11 often no perfect equivalence(对应)between two 12 in two language. My aunt even goes so far as to 13 that a Chinese "equivalent" can never give you the 14 meaning of a word in English! 15, she insisted that I read the definition(定 义) of a world in a monolingual dictionary 16 I wanted to get a better understanding of its meaning. 17, I have come to see what she meant. Using a monolingual dictionary for learners has helped me in another important way. This dictionary uses a(n) 18 number of words, around 2, 000, in its definitions. When I read these definitions, I am 19 exposed to(接触)the basic words and learn how they are used to explain objects and ideas. 20 this, I can express myself more easily in English.

    Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California，no one really knows. However，is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.

    Scientists believe that these first settlers (cross) the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century，after the (arrive) of Europeans，the native people suffered greatly.

    Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. addition，many died from the diseases brought by Europeans. However，some survived these terrible times，and today there are more Native Americans (live) in California than in any other state.

    In the 18th century，California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century， they fought against the native people and (take) their land.

    Two centuries later，the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States of first Spanish to go to California，the majority were religious men， ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives.

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项 （A 、B 、C  和 D ）中，选出最佳选项。

    It is one of the most annoying words in the English language and it seems there is no escaping it．The word “huh?” is in worldwide use, a study found.

    Researchers discovered that languages spoken in countries from Ghana and Laos to Iceland and Italy all include “huh?”, or something that sounds very like it. They said that while the study may sound silly，the word is an absolutely necessary part of speech. Without it and similar words, it would be impossible to show that we haven't heard or understood what had been said and this would lead to constant misunderstandings.

    But while other words used in the same context, such as “sorry” or “what”, vary widely across languages, “huh?” remains unchanged.

    The Dutch researchers carefully studied ten languages from around the world, including Siwu, which is spoken in Ghana, and an Australian Aboriginal language, as well as Italian, Spanish, Dutch and Mandarin Chinese.

    They analysed tapes of recorded conversations for words that sounded like‘‘huh?”and were used to request that whatever had Just been said be repeated. All contained a version of “huh?” The word was also found in another 21 languages. While there were subtle differences in each country, all sounded basically the same.

    This is surprising because normally unrelated languages will use very different words to describe the same thing. For instance, the Japanese for “dog” is “inu”, while the French is “chien”. It is thought that languages around the world have developed their own version of “huh?” because the sound is quick and simple to form, as well as being easily understood.

    The researchers，said that it might seem unimportant to carry out scientific research into a word like “huh?” but in fact this little word is an essential tool in human communication．They also have an answer for those who claim that “huh?” isn't a word. They say that it qualifies because of the small differences in its pronunciation in different languages. It also can be considered a word because it's something we learn to say, rather than a grunt or cry that we are born knowing how to make.

你是高三学生李华，与美国的Bob是网友。请你给Bob写封信，介绍自己希望在高考之后的假期实现的三个愿望并询问Bob的愿望和建议：

1）实现大学梦，考上自己理想的大学；

2）实现志愿者梦，到孤儿院做义工；

3）实现旅游梦，体验蒙古草原上的生活。

注意：1）词数120左右；

2）不要逐句翻译，可适当增加情节。

参考词汇：孤儿院：orphanage；蒙古草原：Mongolia grassland