选修8 知识点题库

-Good idea.I will e-mail him today so be           know        to expct us.

—What you said is right．

-______．I just do it for a living．(   )

          Usually,when your teacher asks a question,there is only one correct answer．But there is one question that has millions of current answers．That question is "What's your name?" Everyone gives a different answer, but everyone is correct．

Have you ever wondered about people's names? Where do they come from? What do they mean?

           People's first names,or given names,are chosen by their parents．Sometimes the name of a grandparent or other member of the family is used．Some parents choose the name of a well-known person．A boy could be  named George Washington Smith;a girl could be named Helen Keller Jones．

          Some people give their children names that mean good things． Clara means "bright" ; Beatrice means "one who gives happiness" ;Donald means "world ruler" ;Leonard means " as brave as a lion"．The earliest last names,or sumames,were taken from place names． A family with the name Brook or Brooks probably lived near a brook (小溪) ;someone who was called Longstreet probably lived on a long,paved road． The Greenwood family lived in or near a leafy forest．

          Other early sumames came from people's occupations．The most common occupational name is Smith,which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals．In the past,smiths were very important workers in every town andvillage． Some other occupational names are: Carter-a person who owned or drove a cart;Potter-a person who madepots and pans．

          The ancestors of the Baker family probably baked bread for their neighbors in their native village． The Carpenter's great-great-great-grandfather probably built houses and furniture．Sometimes people were known for the color of their hair or skin,or their size,or their special abilities． When there were two men who were named John in the same village,the John with the gray hair probably became John Gray． Or the John who was very tall could call himself John Tallman． John Fish was probably an excellent swimmer and John Light-foot was probably a fast runner or a good dancer．

          Some family names were made by adding something to the father's name．English-speaking people added-s or -son．The Johnsons are descendants of John;the Roberts family's ancestor was Robert． Irish and Scottishpeople added Mac or Mc or 0． Perhaps all of the MacDonnells and the McDonnells and the O'Donnells are descendants of the same Donnell．

      “Equal pay for equal work” is a phrase by the American women who feel they are  (fair) treated by society.They think it is not right for women to be paid less than men for the amount of work.Some people say men have   (many) duties than women.A married man has to earn money to support his family and make important  (decide)，so it is right for them to be paid more.Some are even against married women  (work) at all.When wives go out to work，they say，the home and children are given no attention  ．If women are encouraged by equal pay to take up jobs，they will be  (able) to do the things that they are best at doing：making a nice home and bringing  children.Women who disagree say that they want to escape from the limited place which society wishes them to fill and have  freedom to choose between a job and home life， a mixture of the two.In fact women have the right not only to equal pay but also to equal chances.

    There are two basic ways to see growth：one as a product，the other as a process.People have generally viewed personal growth as an external(外在的)result or a product that can easily be identified and measured.The worker who gets a rise，the student whose grades improve，the foreigner who learns a new language—all these examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

    By contrast(对照)，the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine，since it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itself，but the attitudes，feelings people have，and their caution or courage，as they meet with new experiences and unexpected difficulties.In this process，the journey never really ends；there are always new ways to experience the world，new ideas to try，new challenges to accept.

    In order to grow，to travel new roads，people need to have a willingness to take risks，to face the unknown，and to accept the possibility that they may“fail”at first.How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is necessary for our ability to grow.Do we see ourselves as quick and curious？If so，we tend to take more chances and be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think we're shy and indecisive？Then our sense of fear can cause us to hesitate，to move slowly，and we think we are slow to adapt(适应)change or that we're not smart enough to deal with a new challenge.Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.

    These feelings of insecurity(不安全)and self­doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow.If we protect ourselves too much，then we stop growing.We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.

①, ②,③,④,⑤,

⑥,⑦,⑧,⑨,⑩,

    In the mid­1950s，I was a somewhat bored early­ado lescent male student who believed that doing_any_more_than_necessary_was_wasted_effort.One day，this approach threw me into embarrassment.

    In Mrs.Totten's eighth­grade math class at Central Avenue School in Anderson，Indiana，we were learning to add and subtract decimals (小数)．

    Our teacher typically assigned daily homework，which would be recited in class the following day.On most days，our grades were based on our oral answers to homework questions.

    Mrs.Totten usually walked up and down the rows of desks requesting answers from student after student in the order the questions had appeared on our homework sheets.She would start either at the front or the back of the classroom and work toward the other end.

    Since I was seated near the middle of about 35 students，it was easy to figure out which questions I might have to answer.This particular time，I had completed my usual two or three problems according to my calculations.

What I failed to expect was that several students were absent，which threw off my estimate.As Mrs.Totten made her way from the beginning of the class，I desperately tried to determine which math problem I would get.I tried to work it out before she got to me，but I had brain freeze and couldn't function.

    When Mrs.Totten reached my desk，she asked what answer I'd got for problem No.14.“I...I didn't get anything，”I answered，and my face felt warm.

     “Correct，”she said.

    It turned out that the correct answer was zero.

    What did I learn that day？First，always do all your homework.Second，in real life it isn't always what you say but how you say it that matters.Third，I would never make it as a mathematician.

    If I could choose one school day that taught me the most，it would be that one.

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项 （A 、B 、C  和 D ）中，选出最佳选项。

    A recent announcement by scientists that they have successfully cloned the first human embryo(胚胎) has caused much debate and has shocked many people around the world. On the one hand, some scientists point out that if you clone an embryo, you can produce valuable tissues(组织) and organs that could be used to save human lives. On the other hand, many people, including some scientists, disagree and fear that if mankind interferes with (干涉) nature in this way, they may be on their way to producing a real-life Frankenstein's monster.

Cloning is producing an exact copy of a plant or an animal using its cells. The first mammal to be cloned successfully from an adult cell was Dolly—the sheep. She was born in 1996 and died in early 2003, at a much younger age than normal. When she was born, many people were angry because they thought cloning would create more diseases in the animal world. However, in general the scientists were praised for their wonderful scientific breakthrough.

    The Scottish scientist who created Dolly, Ian Wilmut, is shocked that some scientists are now considering cloning human beings. Although he researches cloning, he has never thought of creating copies of humans. Instead, he thinks the scientists should concentrate on creating new tissues and organs that could eventually be used to cure diseases like cancer. However, some people consider that cloning human embryos with the intention of destroying them shows no respect for human lives.

    While cloning human embryos is illegal in many countries, some scientists are already pushing ahead with the research so as to deliver a cloned human baby. Severino Antinori, an Italian doctor, is one of the leaders in this field of research. He has declared that he wants to be the first to clone a human being.

In China, scientists have focused their efforts on cloning animals, as well as stem cells to be used in medical research. China has succeeded in producing clones of cows and goats, and continues to research ways in which cloning can benefit mankind.

根据语境，用方框中所给词的适当形式填空。（每个词仅使用一次）

结合语境，根据首字母或汉语提示用单词的适当形式填空。

    Culture Shock

    Culture shock refers to the anxiety and feelings (of surprise, uncertainty, confusion, etc.) felt when people have to operate within a different and unknown cultural or social environment, such as a foreign country.

    Generally speaking, we could say that there are four stages of culture shock. The first stage is called “the honeymoon”. In this stage, you are excited about living in a different place.

    The next stage is “the hostility(敌意)stage”. In this stage, you begin to notice not everything is as good as you originally thought it was.  Moreover, people don't treat you like a guest anymore.

    Then you come to the third stage called “recovery”. In this stage, you start to feel more positive.  The whole situation starts to become more favorable and you begin to learn to adapt yourself to it.

    The last stage of culture shock is called “adjustment”. In this stage, you have reached a point where you actually feel good.  The things that originally made you feel uncomfortable or strange are now things that you understand. Now you have adjusted to the new culture and you feel comfortable.

    Not all individuals visiting another country will experience all these four stages. 

     It also occurs within cultures as individuals move from place to place or from one setting to another (e.g., from high school to college).

A. You feel that friends should help each other to deal with culture shock.

B. And you try to develop comprehension of everything you don't understand.

C. In addition, culture shock is not limited to the overseas visitor.

D. You become tired of many things about the new culture.

E. You have learned enough to understand the new culture.

F. You begin to understand you need to travel a lot.

G. And everything seems to be marvelous and everybody seems to be so nice to you.

    The professor's house，big and untidy，stood alone at one end of a huge garden. The place was totally uncared for, quite 1 and overgrown with all sorts of useless things. I2my way through bushes and tall weeds to the front door and rang the bell.

    I was glad that I had found him. In twenty minutes, he 3 me right on all the 4 that had puzzled me. I was on the 5 of leaving when I looked out of his study window and said, “You're very fond of gardening, I see.”

    “No, I'm not,” he said. “ 6, I love this garden, though. It's 7 I always wanted it to be. I never touch it at all.”

    “It could be made lovely. It 8 a pity to let all this ground go to waste. But perhaps you don't 9 that way?” said I.

    “I don't. I lived here when I was a child, and I had 10 of gardening then. It was my father's hobby，you see. Unfortunately, he wasn't 11 enough to do it himself. My brother and I did all of it between us year after year. There was one right way and many wrong ways. Each blade (叶片) of grass was an enemy to be 12 by hand, not just cut off. I've spent a good part of life at work here.”

    “I see. You took a dislike to it, and now you're getting even!”

    “I dislike it. Then, of course, I didn't understand the 13 it had. It used to 14 me. It appeared in my dreams—a mistake here, something not quite straight here, the enemy showing its head in a place I was 15 to have cleaned. The work was too much. It seemed endless. The size of the place was itself a fight to a boy.”

    “And now it's yours，you're just letting it go to...”

    “16?” he said. “No，I don't agree with that. This garden and I are now the best friends. I like17 it grow18 its own way. I make no demands on it. I never disturb it, and it never disturbs me. It has19at last, and so have I.”

    “But the path is over grown. It's inconvenient for you，isn't it?”

    “That's part of my20” he laughed. “You can go out the back way. The weeds are shorter there because they don't get the sun.”

阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A，B，C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

    I was a single parent of four small children, working at a low-paid job. Money was always tight, but we had a 1 over our heads, food on the table, clothes on our backs, and if not a lot, always 2. Not knowing we were poor, my kids(孩子们) just thought I was 3. I've always been glad about that.

    It was Christmas time, and although there wasn't 4 for a lot of gifts, we planned to celebrate with a family party. But the big 5 for the kids was the fun of Christmas 6.

    They planned weeks ahead of time, asking 7 what they wanted for Christmas. Fortunately, I had saved $120 for 8 to share by all five of us.

    The big 9 arrived. I gave each kid a twenty-dollar bill and 10 them to look for gifts of about four dollars each. Then everyone scattered(散开). We had two hours to shop; then we would 11 back at the “Santa's Workshop”.

    Driving home, everyone was in high Christmas spirits, 12 my younger daughter, Ginger, who was unusually 13. She had only one small, flat bag with a few candies—fifty-cent candies! I was so angry, but I didn't say anything 14 we got home. I called her into my bedroom and closed the door,15 to be angry again. This is what she told me.

     “I was looking 16 thinking of what to buy, and I 17 to read the little cards on the ‘Giving Trees.' One was for a little girl, four years old, and all she 18 for Christmas was a doll. So I took the card off the tree and 19 the doll for her. We have so much and she doesn't have anything.”

    I never felt so 20 as I did that day.

增加：在缺词处加一个漏子符号（∧）并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。 

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1）每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 

2）只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

    Time flies! This is a third year that I have been in this school. In the past two and a half years, our school had organized many activities. What impressed me best was an activity called “Learning to Farm”. In an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm which we learned to plant potatoes. Having been in the city for so a long time, we were so happy to go to the countryside. After divided into three groups, we started to work. Some students cut potatoes into pieces; some dug holes, and the others put the pieces of potatoes into the hole, put the earth back and push them down hard. We continued doing that until all the work was done. Although we were exhausted, but we felt fulfilled on our way back home.