材料一

《易经·系辞》称：“形而上者谓之道，形而下者谓之器。”按照这个说法，诗词曲赋与琴棋书画等艺术门类都可归入无形的“道”的范畴，强调哲理和美学意义；而建筑与车舆、衣服、盆碗类似，属于有形的“器”的性质，注重实用性，兼顾审美，主要由匠人来制作，文人士大夫阶层极少直接参与。由此导致中国古代建筑界虽然巨匠辈出，巧夺天工，取得极高的成就，却一直缺乏理论总结。中国古代园林艺术相对得到主流阶层的追捧，出现了《园冶》《长物志》等理论名著，而在更广泛的建筑领域，相关学问备受冷落，虽然有宋代《营造法式》、清代《工程做法》等官书和明代《鲁班经》之类的民间著述传世，但数量远远不及西方，而且主要内容都偏于实际操作层面的记述，没有太多的理论探索，与西方古罗马《建筑十书》以及文艺复兴以来的建筑名著差异很大。

19世纪末叶以来，随着清朝的衰落和灭亡，中国受到西方政治、经济、文化、科技的全面冲击，传统建筑行业走向衰微，源自欧美的现代建筑材料、结构和形式逐渐在中国各地流行，使得拥有千年历史的华夏大地的城市面貌发生翻天覆地的变化。时至今日，中国的建筑体系与世界其他国家完全趋同，与古代则大相径庭，广大建筑师对于传统的建筑技艺普遍感到生疏，绝大多数设计作品都近于西方建筑的翻版，失去了本土的文化基因。在此情形之下，从20世纪初开始，一些中外建筑师努力尝试扭转这一趋势，在现代建筑中刻意表现“民族形式”，将传统建筑的造型与文化内涵融入新的建筑项目，如亨利•墨菲设计的燕京大学校园和吕彦直设计的中山陵。以中国营造学社为代表的先贤致力于用现代的科学方法对中国古代建筑展开研究，梁思成、刘桢等学者四处考察测绘，搜集古籍，成果斐然。经过几代人的艰难跋涉，对于中国现代“民族形式”的探索仍处于迷途之中，尚未找到相对圆满的解决之道，而对于传统建筑的研究，长期侧重于历史本身，理论方面的论述非常有限，还不能对建筑设计进行明确的指引。

上世纪八十年代初，中国香港建筑师李允鉌先生正式出版《华夏意匠》一书，填补了相关领域的空白。作者在《卷首语》中解释：“‘华夏’指的是古代的中国，‘意匠’可作建筑的设计意念，‘华夏意匠’意即‘中国古代的建筑设计意念’。”此书得到海内外建筑界的高度评价，一时洛阳纸贵，至今仍被视为中国传统建筑理论研究最重要的一部专著。此书的撰写显然受到西方建筑理论的影响，引述了大量的前人论述和经典实例，完备性超过之前任何一部研究中国建筑的著作，恰如武侠小说中全真派的全套武功。无所不包，既有“道”层面的精神诉求。也有“器”层面的实践指导意义，故而难能可贵。建筑史学家龙庆忠先生为此书所作序言中说：“中国古建筑是古今都在东亚地区，由东亚人民产生的，它是一种赏心悦目的视觉艺术和清静环境，是古代养目、养心、养身、遂生的具体表现。

它既具有几何构成．又有模式表达和逻辑构成。这是出乎西方人恋料的。”中国古建筑的产生与发展由中国独特而广袤的地理气候条件所决定，同时又受到各种社会、人文因素的深刻影响。《华夏意匠》对此有深入剖析，从各个方面探讨了中国古代建筑的历史演进脉络和多重影响因素。

到了明清时期，中国建筑单体的规模往往有一定的限度，造型上的差异也不大，更注重以群体组合的方式构成丰富的院落，“由一座变多座，小组变大组，以建筑群为基础，一个层次接一个层次地广布在一个空间之中，构成一个广阔的有组织的人工环境”。以北京紫禁城与巴黎卢浮宫作比较，可见前者以“数”的集聚完成复杂的总体结构，而后者以“量”的叠加形成庞大而清晰的多层系统。殿亭楼台分占不同位置，关键在于如何通过巧妙的布局，在彼此之间构成严密的呼应关系。

在全球化的浪潮中，如何延续本民族、本地域的传统文化，成为世界各国共同面对的一大难题。光辉灿烂的中国传统建筑文化在当代也面临消亡的危险，幸而有诸多前辈在实践和理论两个方面孜孜以求，拯危继绝，传递薪火，一息不灭，功莫大焉。

（摘编自十一贝子《中国建筑如何免于沦为西方建筑的翻版？》）

材料二

近日，“丹宸永固——紫禁城建成六百年”展正在故宫博物院如火如荼地开展，集中展示故宫六百年建筑、艺术、文化成就，让人们有机会从遗产地和博物馆双重视角认识故宫的文化价值。

故宫是世界上现存规模最大、保存最为完整的木质结构古建筑之一。作为皇家御用建筑，紫禁城堪称我国建筑文化的集大成者，凝结了上千年的建筑工匠的智慧，将传统设计艺术和建筑完美融合。如我国建筑特有的“过白”，利用近景建筑或其他景物，构成“镜框”，留出适当的天地空白，使画面构图完美。

建筑学家梁思成曾说过：“历史上每个民族的文化都产生了它自己的建筑。但遗憾的是，并不是每个民族都能从古建筑中理解并发扬自己的文化。”反观当下，一些盲目跟风模仿甚至“奇葩”的建筑出现，究其根源，是这些城市建设中没有系统研究传统文化，也没有做好挖掘本土文化的功课，为“雷人”建筑提供了温床。另外，建筑设计存在贪快、出奇的心理，这样用力过猛，就容易“奇奇怪怪”。

传承传统文化，不是照葫芦画瓢，而是既要画皮更要画骨。建筑设计应与当地城市乃至区域的文化传统相匹配，让建筑与城市文化充分融合。这次展览用“丹宸永固”作为主题，展示了故宫讲好中国故事的决心。中华文化源远流长，又与时俱进。那么，六百年故宫将是一座取之不尽用之不竭的“宝库”，为后世设计师们提供中国的建筑文化素材。

（摘编自乔妙妙《传承传统建筑文化，既要形似更要神似》）

    Sir Emest Shackleton was not only a great explorer, but also he was an intelligent man. He once found himself and two of his men at the top of an icy mountain ridge (山脊. They had no way to get down to its side. Their destination had been the tiny Whaling Station of strummers, near the South Pole. Shackleton knew if they didn't get down from the ridge, no one would ever hear from them again.

    Shackleton knew there was only one thing to do. He explained that they would all have to slide (滑) down. He instructed the two men to wind(绕) their ropes into a coil(卷) .Then each of the men sat down on a coiled and slid down the icy slope into the darkness. When they found themselves at the bottom, unhurt, Shackleton said, "You know, we shouldn't do that kind of thing too often." The laughter broke the tension all the men were feeling. They arrived later than expected, but safely at the Whaling Station.

     As a boy I was always small for my age. I was also five years younger than one of my brothers and seven years younger than the other. 1, I often felt left out when their friends came over to 2. They didn't want me to listen in on their conversation. I often 3 myself outside playing alone and feeling forgotten.  

    I remember one 4 afternoon 40 years ago feeling especially 5 as I sat in the yard behind our house. We lived miles from town and I 6 saw my own friends outside school. I heard my brothers laughing from inside the house and felt a single 7 coming down my cheek. At that moment I saw a 8 walking over to me. He was walking happily and his tail was wagging(摆动)as well. Even though he didn't know me he 9 me like a long-lost friend, licking(舔)my hand and 10 beside me on the spring grass. It must have been at least an hour that I petted and 11 this four-legged angel. He let me pour out all my 12 and share my deepest thoughts before he kissed my cheek 13. I went back inside feeling happy, knowing that no matter what life may hold I was 14. Today, I still remember that furry angel with a smile.  

    In truth, nothing brings us greater 15 than knowing we are loved. Knowing we are loved gives us the 16 to love others as well. Knowing we are loved 17 us to be the people we are to be. Knowing we are loved aids us in 18 Earth more like Heaven. Embrace(拥抱) that love. Take joy in it. Welcome it into your 19. And then go out and 20 your own love with the world.  

    Breakthroughs in science and technology are paving the way for modern cities to support bigger populations. Now, we see the most exciting urban innovations to show you exactly how they'll improve your city's infrastructure(基础设施).

Lighting Up The Night

    Anthony Di Mari dreamed up an electric tree to help irrigate public parks and light them at night. These electric trees contain a special infill (填充物) that collects water from rainfall. The water is then distributed through a shallow underground irrigation system with the help from the trees' swaying movement. An electric motor turns energy from the waving of the artificial trees into electricity, which is used to light up the trees' outer LEDs.

Thinking Outside The Box

    As more people flock to urban areas, city planners will need to get increasingly creative about how to satisfy residents' health and transportation needs within decreasing available space. One way to achieve this is by updating infrastructure to support biking and walking by building suspended(悬浮的) roundabouts like hovering in the Netherlands. By lifting bicycle and pedestrian traffic above busy roadways, cities can significantly decrease over-crowded traffic condition.

Waving Hello To Clean Energy

    Cities that don't receive enough sunlight may find an attractive alternative in wave power. Since ocean waves rarely experience disruption(中断), electric engines driven by their clockwork push-and-pull can reliably provide power throughout the year. Further, thanks to advances in wave power technology, engineers have been able to move wave power engines farther offshore, where the waves pack the most punch, making the engines extremely efficient. So in the future, heavily populated coastal cities may use wave to meet their energy needs.

回答下列问题：

①CH₂=CH﹣CH=CH₂   键线式　 　 CH₃CH₂CH₂CHO     键线式　 　

分子式　 　   结构简式　 　

③有两种芳香烃结构如下：

萘：  联苯：它们的分子式分别为　 　和　 　．

Every Spring Festival, the railway stations across the whole nation are crowded with people .

    Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City on October 11, 1884. When her mother died in 1892, the children went to live with Grandmother Hall. Her father died only two years later. Attending a good school in England at 15 gave her the first chance to develop self-confidence among other girls. In her circle of friends was a distant cousin, handsome young Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They became engaged in 1903 and were married in 1905. Within 11 years Eleanor had six children;one son died early.

    In Albany, where Franklin served in the state Senate from 1910 to 1913, Eleanor started her long career as a political helpmate. When he was stricken with polio(小儿麻痹症) in 1921, she took care of him devotedly. From his successful campaign for governor in 1928 to the day of his death, she dedicated her life to his purposes.

    When Mrs Roosevelt came to the White House, she understood social conditions well and she transformed the role of First Lady accordingly. She broke the tradition to hold conferences, and expressed her opinions. This made her a target for political enemies but her sincerity of purpose made her personally popular to many. As she had written, "If truth and loyalty are stamped upon her face, all will be attracted to her. "

    After President Roosevelt's death in 1945, she returned to a cottage at his Hyde Park estate. She told reporters, "The story is over. "Within a year, however, she began her service as American spokeswoman in the UN. She continued a positive career until her strength began to wane in 1962. She died in New York City that November, and was buried at Hyde Park beside her husband.

Finding the Real You

    Psychometric testing—personality testing—has been very popular nowadays as studies show their results to be three times more accurate in predicting your job performance. These tests are now included in almost all graduate recruitment (招聘) and are widely used in the selection of managers.

    The most popular of these personality tests is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). It is based on the theory that we are born with a tendency to one personality type which stays more or less fixed throughout life. You answer 88 questions and are then given your “type”, such as Outgoing or Quiet, Feeling or Thinking.

    Critics of personality testing raise doubts about “social engineering”. Psychologist Dr. Colin Gill warns that the “popular” personality traits (特性) have their disadvantages. “People who are extremely open to new experiences can be butterflies, going from one idea to the next without mastering any of them.” However, the psychometric test is here to stay, which may be why a whole sub-industry on cheating personality tests has sprung up. “It's possible to cheat,” admits Gill, “but having to pretend to be the person you are at work will be tiring and unhappy and probably short-lived.”

    So can we change our personality? “Your basic personalities fixed by the time you're 21,”says Gill, “but it can be affected by motivation and intelligence. If you didn't have the personality type to be a doctor but desperately wanted to be one and were intelligent enough to master the skills, you could still go ahead. But trying to go too much against type for too long requires much energy and is actually to be suffered for long. I think it's why we're seeing this trend for downshifting—too many people trying to fit into a type that they aren't really suited for.”

    Our interest in personality now exists in every part of our lives. If you ask an expert for advice on anything, you'll probably be quizzed about your personality. But if personality tests have any value to us, perhaps it is to free us from the idea that all of us are full of potential, and remind us of what we are. As they say in one test when they ask for your age: pick the one you are, not the one you wish you were.

    Compassion is a desire within us to help others. With effort, we can translate compassion into action. An experience last weekend showed me this is true. I work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderly. These old people are our main customers, and it's not hard to lose patience over their slowness. But last Sunday, one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lesson. This untidy man walked up to my register(收款机) with a box of biscuits. He said he was out of cash(现金), had just moved into his room, and had nothing in his cupboards. He asked if we could let him have the food on trust. He promised to repay me the next day.

    I couldn't help staring at him. I wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if luck had gone his way. I had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the world. I told him that I was sorry, but store rules didn't allow me to do so. I felt stupid and unkind saying this, but I valued my job.

    Just then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke up. If anything, he looked more pitiable. "Charge it to me," was all he said.

    What I had been feeling was pity. Pity is soft and safe and easy. Compassion, on the other hand, is caring in action. I thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed either. Then I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myself. I reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.