从纸质媒介到印刷媒介再到电子媒介,都给书法的存在和发展提供了载体、平台和空间,但同时也带来诸多限制和缺失。纸质传播保持了书法文本的唯一性、真实性和感知性,而它的缺点是传播速度慢、范围窄,再加上纸质媒介的易损性,容易造成传播的中断。历史上纸质的书法作品能流传至今者可谓凤毛麟角,大都随着时间的推移而毁坏了。留下来的,也多是临摹本或石刻本。印刷传播弥补了纸质传播的不足与局限,使书法实现了人际传播向大众传播的飞跃,但印刷媒介无限量地复制,使书法作品失去了它的唯一性和可敬畏感;印刷过程中作品图像的放大、缩小、损耗,改变了书法作品原有的真实面貌,降低了它的审美质量和观赏效果;当今出现的仿真印刷,又会造成以假乱真的现象,影响到原有书法作品的艺术价值。电子媒介时代,传播载体与传播形式多样化,传播质量全面提升,传播的时空障碍被清除,传播的速度更快、范围更广,实现了艺术传播的高效率和高效益,极大地缩短了艺术作品与公众之间的时空距离。这给书法艺术带来了前所未有的机遇,但同时也对书法传播的生态体系带来了颠覆性的冲击,使之面临着前所未有的挑战。
一是把用笔书写变成了键盘输入。无论是写字还是书法,无论是毛笔还是硬笔,都是手写的,书写是书法的前提和基础,但电脑的广泛使用,改变了人们的书写习惯,通过键盘可以直接输入和传输文字符号,这就从根本上动摇了书法生存的前提和基础,极大地弱化了人们的书写能力和受众的审美能力,进而弱化了书法的艺术普及和群众基础。二是把书法创作变成了书法制作。书法作品是书法家艺术智慧的结晶,每件书法作品都具有独创性和随机性,而电子媒介技术不仅可以将原作复制,还可以任意修改、增删,甚至可把众多书法名家写的字建成字库,进行任意组合,制作出一件又一件“完美”的书法作品,从而造成虚假的书法作品的泛滥。三是把实物作品变成了虚拟作品。承载在纸质媒介和印刷媒介上的书法作品,是可触摸、可移动的实物形态的艺术作品,而电子媒介里的书法作品是虚拟的影像符号和电子文本,且可以随时进行文本改动。
除此以外,现代传播还给书法艺术带来许多困惑。在网络传播当中,由于信息量太大,反而给接受信息者造成了选择痛苦。一方面,网络之中缺少真正原创性和经典性的东西;另一方面,网络传播容易分散人们的注意力,引开人们的思路,导致阅览的无序性和平面化。由于网络信息缺乏深度和广度,容易产生快餐文化。如果创作的书法作品还未面世,就利用媒体进行广泛的宣传,就有可能使书法艺术成为“泡沫”。如今,一些书法家难耐寂寞,更缺少一种中国书法所需要的古、淡、远、寂的艺术精神,这与信息传播过快有一定关系。
(摘编自章剑华《论书法艺术的现代传播》)
谁知凤姐之女大姐儿病了,正乱着请大夫诊脉。大夫说:“替太太奶奶们道喜,姐儿发热是见喜了,并非别症。”王夫人凤姐听了,忙遣人问:“可好不好?”大夫回道:“症虽险,却顺,倒还不妨。预备桑虫、猪尾要紧。”凤姐听了,登时忙将起来:一面打扫房屋,供奉“痘疹娘娘”;一面传与家人忌煎炒等物;一面命平儿打点铺盖衣服与贾琏隔房;一面又拿大红尺头给奶子丫头亲近人等裁衣裳。外面打扫净室,款留两位大夫,轮流斟酌诊脉下药,十二日不放家去。贾琏只得搬出外书房来安歇,凤姐与平儿都跟王夫人日日供奉“娘娘”。……一日大姐儿毒尽癍回,十二日后送了“娘娘”,合家祭天祀祖,还愿焚香,庆贺放赏已毕,贾琏仍复搬进卧室。
(节选自《红楼梦》第二十一回)
“Write All About It”
Centerville High School Essay Contest
Rules
1). Students are asked to hand in essays of 500 to 700 words of their own work. Any essay containing material copied from another source will be disqualified.
2). Manuscripts should be typed double-spaced, with the student's name, address, and grade level on a separate sheet of paper.
3). Essays must be turned in by 4:00 P.M. on November 30. They can be brought to Mrs. Elton in Room 104 or to Mr. Markham in the school library.
Essay-Writing Tips
1). Catch your reader's interest—Your opening should immediately pull your reader into your essay. Asking a question or starting with a story, or surprising statement are some good ways to do this.
2). Create a picture—Use active words that show your reader what is happening. Instead of telling your reader that “the room was disordered,” paint a picture using active verbs and lively adjectives.
3). Have a purpose—Well-written essays do more than just describe an event or express a viewpoint; they also communicate a message.
4). Check for mistakes—Read your paper over to check for mistakes. Ask another student to read your paper. Another pair of eyes will often spot a mistake you have missed.
5). Format your essay—Neatly type your essay on white paper. Choose an attractive cover for handing in. The computer lab will be open after school from 3:15 to 4:45 P.M. each day this month so that students can use the computers.
Prizes
Winning essays will be published in the Centerville Times. Everyone who takes part in it will also receive a free pass to enter one school activity this year.
First Prize: $50 savings bond
Second Prize: Dictionary and reference book
Third Prize: Pen set and journal
Special thanks to the Centerville Writers' Association for the prizes to help encourage our aspiring authors. Good luck to all contestants.
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.
Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.
While the effect of cows milk harvested at different times has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.