Travel Tips That Are No Longer True

We all love a great trip, but some of the classic tips for travelers no longer hold true.  16 

1. Book a plane ticket far in advance to save money.

This myth may have been true back in the 1960s, when flights were less common than they are today. Back then, the demand for a flight would naturally increase as the date approached, there being few other options.  17   According to recent studies, the best time to buy a domestic ticket was between six and seven weeks before.

2.  18    

Don’t ignore the benefits of going straight to the hotel to negotiate a good deal on a room. Many hotel chains offer rate guarantees and encourage customers to book directly. Hotels also frequently have discounts or some offers that third-party websites don’t know. Apart from this, hotels give the upgrades, not the booking agents.

3. Avoid street food.

 19   If this means standing up at a cheap street stall (摊位), then follow the crowd. Don’t sit down at a restaurant and spend four times more, on the simple assumption that it’s the only safe option. Can you see what’s going on in the kitchen?

4. Carry your money in a special pocket or pouch.

This is the fastest way to stand out from locals — who will have their money in a wallet or purse. Only take what you need when you leave your hotel room.  20   

A. When in Rome, do what the Romans do.

B. The best hotel prices are on travel websites.

C. And make sure to put your wallet in a front pocket.

D. This is only true if you are buying products that are heavily taxed.

E. Let yourself relax in a warm room for one or two people in single beds.

F. These days, many alternatives for the most popular routes mean that demand stays steady.

G. Check the updates on these tall tales (无稽之谈) to save cash and add experience to your trip.

 Those who are ____at the meeting are the leaders of many countries to discuss the problem of global warming.

A. absent   B. gifted  C. present  D. popular

My mother is the only living person who has never used email to send a letter.In all her life，she has never turned on a computer，opened an email account and touched the Internet.She has a phobia(恐惧症) about technology.When Dad was deadly sick she began to use a cell phone.Mom is far from the information age.She likes the way of her living.In 1955 she met her new husband.Since then she has lived in Silicon Valley.The man is an expert who is rich in computer technology.

Mom is still that farm girl，and she is proudest of it.She sees her friends and her life “real”．She shows no interest in the information and technology life.My mother experienced Depression，World War Ⅱ and the Cold War.She enjoyed country music on The Sons of the Pioneers，a Canadian broadcast.But she had no way to listen to the radio.In the age when a lot of people were moved by Churchill for the first time with radio broadcasts，she only experienced them monthly.

In her early twenties，Mom had worked in the field before she was a wife.Thus family and church became her life's center.She was never really interested in television，though I think she enjoyed a few of the TV series we had watched before，like All in the Family.Computers，the Internet and mobile phones are simply not parts of her life.Mom disagrees with the opinion that technology can make the life easier.In her life，she sees online music，email and information which are “unreal”．

However，I can partly understand.I like to read the books in my schoolbag.And also I am a child who enjoys the online books and music.I've written down my love­hate feelings with my computer.Mom's technophobia surely plays a role here，but it works for her.She's the happiest as she is.

21．The author's mother began to use a mobile phone when ________.

A．she found it hard to find her husband

B．the author's dad was suffering from a serious illness

C．she listened to the radio broadcasts

D．she lived in Silicon Valley in 1955

22．What is the author's mother proudest of according to the passage?

A．Having so many close friends.

B．Experiencing too much in her life.

C．Living in her own life style happily.

D．Keeping in touch with technology.

23．What is the author's attitude towards his mother's technophobia?

A．Doubtful.　　B．Positive.    C．Puzzled.     D．Opposed.

24．What's the best title of the passage?

A．My mother's hobbies

B．My mother's farm life

C．My mother's influence on me

D．My mother's real life

Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 21, 1853 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father made a strong position for    56    in the engineering industry. After his father went bankrupt, most of the family returned to Sweden in 1859. Alfred Nobel had never been to school    57    university, but had studied    58   (private) and by the time he was twenty, he was a skillful chemist and excellent linguist,    59   (speak) Swedish, Russian, German, French and English. Like his father, he was imaginative and inventive, but he had better luck in business and showed more    60   (finance) sense. He was quick to see industrial chances for his scientific inventions and    61    (build) up over eighty companies in twenty different countries.

But Nobel’s main concern was never with making money or even with making scientific    62    (discover). Instead, he was always searching for a meaning for life, and from his youth he had taken    63    serious interest in literature and philosophy. He also cared deeply about the whole of mankind. His greatest wish was to see an end to wars and the peace between nations. In 1896, Nobel died in Italy. In his will, he left money    64   (provide) prizes for outstanding work in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace. And so, the man who felt he should have died at birth is remembered and respected long    65    his death.

 We _______ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?

A. should face               B. might face

C. could have faced          D. may have faced

If something that you’re doing doesn’t challenge you, then it doesn’t change you. We all need some normal stress in our lives, after all.   16   So challenge the following limits:

1. Figure out what you’re scared of and do it continuously.

If you’re a salesman, and you’re scared of talking to people personally or over the phone, now, instead of being scared and thinking you’ll fail, spend at least five minutes a day to pick up the phone and make a call.   17   But don’t stop on the first try! Eventually, you can look at fear in the eyes and say, “Go on, I’m not scared!”

2.   18 

Make sure this hobby is not linked to your career; you have to relax and relieve your stress while performing this. Some examples might be cooking, sewing, painting and so on. Apart from helping you challenge yourself, taking a class for your hobby may also give you extra income.

3. Set aside at least nine minutes a day for physical exercise.

  19   A simple 9-minute run around your neighborhood can do wonders for yourself. Exercise can not only help you maintain your regular weight, but also make you feel better about yourself.

4. Travel and allow yourself to be interested in new people.

Don’t just limit yourself to your fellow travelers --- try to connect with the service staff. You never know what kind of people they’re going to be. Get out of your house or go online right now to book your class.   20 

A. You should do it continuously.

B. Someone may hang up on you.

C. Take a class for a hobby you’ve been hoping to develop.

D. Running in the gym may be a better choice.

E. Start to travel now and learn to challenge yourself.

F. You don’t need to go to the gym.

G. You can never see any improvement if you stick to your comfort zone.

We have only a short holiday，so let’s ________ the most of it and try to enjoy ourselves.

      A．get                   B．take            C．make                D．have

Jerome Kern is often called “The father of American musical theater (音乐剧)”. Kern is remembered for the hundreds of songs he wrote for musical plays and movies. Music historians say that Kern gave artistic importance to American popular music for the first time.

Jerome Kern was born into a middle-class family in New York City in 1885. Jerome’s mother, Fanny, loved the piano. She began to teach Jerome how to play it when he was very young. He became a fair piano player, but not so good that anyone expected him to become a great musician.

Jerome was a quiet boy. When he completed high school, his father said he would have to work in the family’s store. Mr. Kern said his son could never make money by writing music. But he later came to believe that Jerome might do better in music than in business after all. So he let the boy go to Europe to study music, as almost all serious young musicians did at the time.

Jerome Kern began his career as a songwriter in theaters in London and later in New York City. Success came quickly. By the early 1920s, Kern was a successful young composer for Broadway musical comedies. In one three-year period alone, he wrote music for 19 shows.

Other people wrote the words for Kern’s songs. Kern wrote only the music. And he worked on each song endlessly until he was satisfied that the music was perfect. He almost never changed his music to fit the words.

One critic wrote this about his music: Kern’s songs are like black and white drawings. They need no color,no decoration. His song is always in balance, perfect in form and pleasing in design.

5. Jerome Kern does best in ________.

       A. directing movies                      B. singing songs

       C. writing songs for musical theater         D. writing plays and movies

6.What do we know about Kern’s childhood?

     A. He received little education.     B. He was born into a poor family.

     C. His mother influenced him a lot.  D. His father expected him to become a musician.

7. What’s mainly talked about in the fourth paragraph?

     A. Kern’s hope about his future.          B. Kern’s achievements.

     C. The awards Kern gained.             D. The advantages Kern had.

8. According to the critic’s comments in the last paragraph,_____________..

     A. Kern’s works are pure without any unnecessary decorations.

     B. Kern’s works will be better with more colors and decorations.

     C. Kern’s works always present sadness and other bad emotions.

     D. Kern’s works are looked down upon by critics.

I am mad when my wife insists on selling the house. I _______ she would decide that.

A. don’t think         B. haven’t thought         C. didn’t think            D. hadn’t thought

Americans prefer to try every way to have fun, for example, they drive their own cars, some even tow （拖）a small boat after vehicle. They start from Los Angeles, California under sun,    41   through four or five hundred miles to go to La Fulin, Colorado to spend weekends   42  Chinese people are still busy with work, and have dinner at home together with families in weekends or  43  time watching TV.

The difference is mainly due to   44   customs and traditions between the two countries. It is said that Chinese people are living for others, while Americans are for   45  . When Chinese people come to the United States, they fight for   46  first, and then   47  make money after they are recognized by others. It seems that, the purpose to earn money is not to enjoy life, but for their following generations: sons and daughters and even grandchildren. Chinese people prefer to save money   48   emergency, such as illness. Although Chinese people with   49  in the United States don’t need to worry about their own social welfare and health insurance , they work still very hard, as they hope that they can   50  more money.

Chinese people’s interest is in the amount on the passbook（存折）, so they spend   51  money usually. Most of Chinese are very thrifty（节约的）, and they are  52   to spend money, but there are exceptions. They are willing to spend money on their  53  . Many Chinese people think that, they endure（容忍）many  54  , so they wish that their children could live much better.  55  in the United States elementary schools, you can see that those who wear the best, with more pocket money are Chinese students. In contrast, American children dress very simply, with just a little pocket money.

     56   Chinese, Americans believe in living for themselves. They do everything for their own. Therefore, they earn money to enjoy a  57  life, and pursue a higher quality of life.   58  their own parents or children, they think that parents have their own pension and social welfare, and children should live a(n)   59  life when they are 18 years old. So they could boldly spend money on themselves.   60  , Americans save little money. In the street, it is easy for Chinese to take out 300-400 dollars, but it is hard to say for Americans.

41.A. running            B. driving             C. going              D. walking

42.A. if                 B. while              C. as                 D. until

43.A. spend              B. take               C. cost               D. pay

44.A. moral              B. spiritual            C. cultural            D. educational

45.A. others              B. theirs              C. them              D. themselves

46.A. survival            B. remainder           C. existence           D. material

47.A. hardly              B. desperately         C. seriously           D. strongly

48.A. in return for         B. on account of        C. in spite of          D. in case of

49.A. identity             B. force              C. fame              D. power

50.A. borrow             B. give               C. use                D. save

51.A. large               B. few               C. much              D. little

52.A. easy               B. reluctant           C. willing             D. happy

53.A. children            B. relatives           C. parents             D. friends

54.A. troubles            B. hardships           C. sorrows            D. problems

55.A.Otherwise          B. However            C. Therefore          D. Since

56.A. Different from      B. Interested in          C. Similar to          D. Thanks to 

57.A. rich               B. well                C. good              D. better

58.A. As with            B. As for              C. Owing to           D. But for

59.A. independent        B. single               C. different            D. comfortable

60.A. In brief            B. As a result           C. In this way          D. From it

My wife and I moved into our home two years ago. We had a _41 with a lot of rocks. Very often  42 we have flowers, Denise or I would plant some between the rocks, just to add some color to the area.

Last summer, I found a tiny little 43 in the yard that I could not 44 identify. I knew I didn’t plant it and Denise said she didn’t either. We decided to let it continue growing until we could find out what it was.

Weeks passed and as I made my way back to the 45 plant, it appeared to be a sunflower. I decided to _46 the weeds around it. As I pulled rocks from the area to get to the weeds, I noticed something 47 . The sunflower had not 48 where I saw it begin. It actually had begun under a big 49 and grown under and around it to reach the _50 .

That’s when I _51 that if a tiny little sunflower didn't let a big rock stand in its _52 of developing, we too have the ability of doing the same thing. If we 53 ourselves like that little sun flower, we can reach where we _54 to go and get what we need for growth.

We need to believe in ourselves knowing we have the _55 to achieve our goals. Like the 56 , it knew it had the ability to get over the rocks because it had 57 in itself that it would succeed. Stand tall like the sunflower and be _58 who and what we are, then the environment will begin to  59 us. We will find a way to go under or__ 60 any “rocks” in order to reach our goals.

41.A.yard               B. room                 C. roof                     D. platform

42.A.where              B. how              C. if                   D. when

43.A.tree               B. plant                C. weed                     D. seed

44.A.naturally          B. completely       C. immediately          D. finally

45.A.weak               B. lonely           C. pretty                   D. strange

46. A. watch                B. collect          C. remove               D. tend

47.A.valuable           B. unusual          C. wonderful                D. terrible

48.A.started                B. left                 C. died                     D. passed

49.A.wall               B. tree                 C. table                    D .rock

50.A.top                B. sun              C. air                  D. house

51.A.regretted          B. hoped            C. realized                 D. doubted

52. A. way              B. course           C. place                    D. process

53.A.worry about            B. believe in           C. fill in                  D. put in

54.A.aim                B. wait                 C. forget               D. afford

55.A.plan               B. idea                 C. ability              D. wish

56. A. sun              B. yard                 C. summer               D. sunflower

57.A.faith              B. energy           C. strength                 D. courage

58.A.aware of           B. proud of             C .tired of                 D .afraid of

59.A.affect                 B. upset                C. support              D .forgive

60. A. through          B. from                 C. into                     D. around

 When we’re little, our mother is the center of our attention, and we are the center of hers. 

So our mother’s characteristics leave an indelible (持久的) impression, and we are forever after attracted to people with her facial features, body type, personality, even sense of humor. If our mother is warm and giving, as adults we tend to be attracted to people who are warm and giving. If our mother is strong and even-tempered, we are going to be attracted to a fair-minded strength in our mates (伴侣).

       The mother has an additional influence on her sons: she not only gives them clues to what they will find attractive in a mate, but also affects how they feel about women in general. So if she is warm and nice, her sons are going to think that’s the way women are. They will probably grow up to be warm and responsive lovers and also be cooperative around the house.

       Conversely (相反地), a mother who has a depressive personality, and is sometimes friendly but then suddenly turns cold and rejecting, may raise a man who becomes a “dance-away lover”. Because he’s been so scared about love from his mother, he’s afraid of commitment and may pull away from a girlfriend for this reason.

       While the mother determines in large part what qualities attract us in a mate, it’s the father — the first male in our lives — who influences how we relate to the opposite sex. Fathers have an enormous effect on their children’s personalities and chances of marital (婚姻的) happiness.

      Just as mothers influence their sons’ general feelings toward women, fathers influence their daughters’ general feelings about men. If a father lavishes praise on his daughter and demonstrates (表露出) that she is a worthwhile person, she’ll feel very good about herself in relation to men. But if the father is cold, critical or absent, the daughter will tend to feel she’s not very lovable or attractive.

       In addition, most of us grow up with people of similar social circumstances. We hang around with people in the same town; our friends have about the same educational backgrounds and career goals. We tend to be most comfortable with these people, and therefore we tend to link up with others whose families are often much like our own.

71. Why do our mother’s characteristics leave us an indelible impression?

   A. Because we are likely to be attached to people with her characteristics.

  B. Because mother and her child are the centers of each other when her child is very young.

   C. Because our mother is better than our dad.

   D. Because our mother is a woman who is kind to us.

72. What can we know from Paragraphs 2 and 3?

   A. The mother only influences her sons.

   B. The sons always think women are warm and nice.

   C. A mother who has a depressive personality is sure to raise a dance-away lover.

   D. The mother has an additional influence on her sons.

73. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. If our mother’s warm and giving, we love to be together with warm and generous people.

   B. If our mother is strong and well-controlled, we are going to be attracted to a fair-minded 

    strength in our mates.

    C. Mother not only gives her children clues to what they will find attractive in a mate, but

    also affects how they feel about women in general.

   D. Fathers influence their daughter’s general feelings about men.

74. What does the underlined word “lavishes” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?

   A. Uses much.             B. Uses little.             C. Never uses.                     D. Seldom uses.

75. What does the passage mainly talk about?

   A. Mothers’ influence on their sons.               

B. Parents’ influence on their children.

   C. Parents’ impression on their children.         

D. Fathers’ influence on their daughters. 

       Welcome back to the hot topic of studying abroad！ Last time, we talked about the general "software" needed to have a 61.____(success)  studying experience overseas, 62.refers to the ability to understand western culture,  and problem solving skills when 63.(face)  critical situations, etc.   

       Now,I will dig deeper into the concept of software". Everyone is talking about culture shock nowadays, but you may wonder what it actually 64.                     ______(mean). Simply put:  culture shock is the difficulty people may experience when being exposed and adjusting to a 65(remarkable)  different new culture. Usually, people often go 66._      four distinct phases: the honeymoon phase, the negotiation phase, the adjustment phase and the mastery phase. Culture shock can happen immediately upon your 67.____(arrive)  in the country.

        For international students, perhaps the most direct impact of culture shock is the variety of accents, especially in multicultural countries 68           _____the U.S. Canada or Australia. There are two main reasons: Firstly, these countries have highly diversified groups of residents from different cultural 69.___   _(background). Secondly,  there are many international students from all around the world every year studying in these countries, so you shouldn't be surprised 70.(find) all kinds of unfamiliar accents around the university campus.

_{Think about the last time you felt afraid．Was it a fear of height?Did you oversleep on a weekday and fear you’d get into trouble at the office?In any case，you know what it feels like to feel fear．
    But one woman doesn’t．The woman，code-named“UM”，gave her first-ever interview after years of being studied by a team of researchers．The woman is given a code name because the researchers want to protect her from anyone who would take advantage of her inability to feel afraid．
    UM can’t tell you what fear is because she’s never experienced it．“I wonder what it’s like to actually be afraid of something，”she said．The formal name for the disease is Urbach-Wieth disease，which is characterized by a hoarse(粗哑的)voice，small bumps around the eyes，and calcium deposits(钙沉积的)in the brain．
    In the case of UM，the disease has transformed the part of her brain that controls the human response to fear．In the interview，UM talks about an event in her life where she was held at knifepoint and gunpoint，“I was walking to the store，and I saw a man on a park bench．He said．‘Come here，please，’so I went over to him．He grabbed me by the shirt，put a knife to my throat and told me he was going to cut me．I told him，‘Go ahead and cut me，’I wasn’t afraid at a11．And for some reason，he let me go．”
    Doctors who have been studying UM’s condition for years have been trying different things that could strike fear into her．They finally figured something out—increasing UM’s carbon dioxide levels．Extra carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is known to cause fear and panic in health individuals．Increasing UM’s carbon dioxide levels did manage to give her a fright．
1．The text starts by_______．
　　A．challenging the reader
　　B．solving daily problems
　　C．1isting situations
　　D．giving explanations
2．Why is the woman with Urbach-Wieth disease given a code name?
　　A．To tell her case from other patients．
　　B．To respect her privacy．
　　C．To meet the researchers’demands．
　　D．To ensure her safety．
3．From UM’s case，we can know that Urbach-Wieth disease may________.
　　A．stop the brain from functioning normally
　　B．1ead to a decrease in calcium deposits
　　C．stop the brain from responding quickly
　　D．1ead to an increase in carbon dioxide
4．What will probably happen to UM?
　　A．Dying of the Urbach-Wieth disease．
　　B．Getting the sense of panic．
　　C．Experiencing another danger．
　　D．Speaking with a hoarse voice．}

    Steep Rock Skills $100 per person.This course will focus on techniques about climbing steep routes, Edging,off hands, high-stepping are some techniques you will work on.This course is best for women that have experience of top roping or climbing occasionally in a gym but have not had much experience outdoors.

    Half-Day Rappelling(绳索下降)Skills $100 per person.There’s a law that says,“What goes up must come down.”Though it may be safer to walk off many climbs,there are climbs that require you ladies to come back down to the ground. Learn various rappel techniques  and use various types of rappel devices through this course.On Saturday the practice is in the morning.

    Hard Women Rock Leader Skills $100 per person. Designed for anywomen with a desire to lead,efficient rope management will be covered. Bring your own equipment if you have any. Any leading will be done on top-rope.A fun and safe way to take a look at the “sharp”end of things.

    Half-Day Rock Rescue $50 per person. Acourse for experienced women climbers wishing to build fundamental rock rescue skills in order to deal with a possible emergency situation on the cliff. Participants should bring their own personal equipment if they have. On Saturday and Sunday the practice is in the morning.

21.Which course is the least expensive?

A.Hard Women Rock Leader Skills.   B.Steep Rock Skills.

C.Half-Day Rock Rescue.          D.Half-Day Rappelling Skills

22.If Mary wants to be a rock-Climbing leader,which of the following should she choose?

A.Steep Rock Skills              B.Half-Day Rappelling Skills

C.Half-Day Rock Rescue      D.Hard Women Rock Leader Skills

23.It can be inferred from the text that______.

A.the courses are specially for women

B.the courses are limited to 100 persons

C.it may take half a day to attend the courses

D.men are allowed to participate in the practice

24.The author’s purpose in writing the text is to introduce_______.

A.how to be women rock climbers

B.different courses on rock climbing

C.what to do at weekends

D.how to keep fit

 His first novel ______ good reviews since it came out last month.

A. receives     B. is receiving     C. has received    D. will receive

When Andrew was born in Jiangsu, China, his father opened Panda Inn, a sit-down restaurant in Pasadena, California, serving family foods fast and hot.

       Andrew’s father had taught him to take on a new challenge only after mastering the previous one. It took ten years before Andrew felt he was ready to deal with the all-American challenge: the fast-food industry.

      The first Panda Express opened in a Southern California mall in 1983. As Pandas began to increase, Peggy, who has a PhD in electrical engineering, gave up her career to join the company full-time, first as president, then as CEO. Today, Peggy and Andrew share the title of chairman.

        They are big fans of Stephen Covey’s The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, a book they require all job applicants to read before their interview. “Success is a byproduct of our habits,”says Andrew. “We’re very focused on learning how to do the right things well and completely so that what all of us do actually makes an Impact.” Doing the right thing includes paying more than the minimum wage and part of health care for all 17,300 employees, including part-timers. Some warned that this would cause financial problems. But not for the Panda Express. “If you’re too focused on the results and try to develop shortcuts, you’re going to have to pay it back later somehow,” Andrew says.

       They take seriously the concept that to lead is to serve. It means helping employees improve their livelihood and, in the process, learn to live a fuller life. In the end, Andrew says, “They are better off financially, but they’re also smarter because they’re curious and learning. They take care of themselves physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually. When all of us do these things well, there’s a better chance that we will treat the customers better.”

28. The writer mentions Peggy, who has a PhD, in order to show that Panda Express______.

A. needed support from Americans

B. attracted a lot of talented people

C. needed wise leaders

D. was increasing very rapidly

29.  We may infer from the passage that______ .

A. Focus on doing the right thing and the results will take care of themselves.

B. Chinese food is becoming more and more popular in America

C. Panda Express has never met with financial problems

D. Andrew and Peggy are good examples of companies in the US

30.  Andrew and Peggy share the same idea that ______.

A. a good leader must be a good servant as well

B. they focus on the results and developing shortcuts

C. the habit of reading Stephen Covey’s book leads to success

D. the employees should help their customers improve their livelihood

31.  The passage is mainly about ______.

A. Panda Express’s success in fast-food industry

B. the effect that Stephen’s book has on Panda Express

C. the challenge of the fast-food industry in the US

D. Panda Express’s philosophy of management

    假如你是学生会主席李华，你们学校下个月要举行“英语周”活动，请你给外教Black先生写封信聘请他当评委，并介绍活动情况。内容要求如下：

    1．时间：6月18日～22日，下午第二节课后；

    2．内容：进行英语比赛（歌曲、短剧、写作等）；

    3．人员：全体师生。

注意：1．字数100词左右；

          2．可以适当增加细节，使行文连贯：

3．开头和结尾以为你写好，不计入总词数。

Dear Black,

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 Once a decision has been made, all of us should 　　　 it. 

A. direct to        B. stick to     C. lead to           D. refer to

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies — and other creatures — learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights — and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

    Papusek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

66. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.

 A. are directly related to pleasure                  

 B. will meet their physical needs

 C. will bring them a feeling of success

 D. will satisfy their curiosity

67. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.

 A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk

 B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

 C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk

 D. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink

68. In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _______.

 A. have the lights turned on                         

 B. be rewarded with milk

 C. please their parents

 D. be praised

69. The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because _________.

 A. the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”

 B. the sight of the lights was interesting

 C. they need not turn back to watch the lights

 D. they succeeded in “switching on” the lights

70. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of

   ________.

 A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

 B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

 C. their strong desire to solve complex problems

 D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills