自然地理类 知识点题库

    Do you know what the world's tallest animals are? How do they sleep and drink? You may think they have （困难）while sleeping but actually giraffes don't often stop to （休息）. As they are so tall that they can grow up to 18 feet and need the shortest sleep of all mammals, with an average of half an hour a day. When they fall （睡着）, they hardly lie down and sleep for minutes at a time, because it's hard for them to get up again from the （地面）and it's dangerous in the wild. But the giraffe in the zoo sleeps around 4-6 hours a day, （主要地）at night. Drinking water is also hard for the giraffe because of the long （脖子）. To drink, they must spread the legs in an uncomfortable way and if so they will be easily caught by other animals. So, they get most of water from plants to （保护）themselves.

    Australia is a famous oceanic country. The country is famous.1its wool production and seashore tour. As the climate there is warm and comfortable, many people2vacations there every year. I'm a super fan of water entertainment.3I choose it as my destination (目的地).

    In Australia, the sky is bluer than blue, the clouds are whiter than white, and all the local people enjoy an optimistic (乐观的) and active life. They also show their kindness and enthusiasm4the tourists.

    The first stop should be the Sydney Opera House5is among the most brilliant and splendid buildings in the world. Many world-class plays are put on in it. The surface and shape of it6a seashell with glorious decorations inside.

    Then Melbourne is a good choice7the next stop. In Melbourne, skin cream is a must to take with you as the sunshine is upset and may burn your skin. The most attractive thing to me is the Australian Open, which is one of8world 一 class tennis competitions. Many great players such as Federer and its local player Hewitt. etc. gather to compete. I's really a feast for the eyes.

    Australia is also home to one of the most challenging and exciting surfing and diving projects.9we know, it is always called "a country riding on the back of sheep". From the10saying, we can know something about the rich wool 一 production country. If you love11, kangaroos and koalas are good choices to you. So don't forget Australia12you plan a trip.

    In 1620, about half the USA was covered by forests. But today the forests almost have gone. good land has gone with them, leaving only sand. China doesn't want to copy the USA's example. We are planting trees. We've built the "Great Green wall" of trees across northern part of our country, is 7,000 kilometres long, and between 400 and 1,700 kilometres wide. It will the wind blowing the earth away. It will stop the sand from moving towards the rich farmland in the south. More "Great green walls" are needed. Trees must be grown And I think if we do like this, the great Green Walls of trees will make the world better.

A city without cars would be very strange, right? But Venice is such a city.

Venice is in the northeast of Italy. It wasn't built on land, like Beijing or Shanghai, but on more than 110 islands. Seawater is everywhere around the city. Even so, travel isn't difficult. The waterways have always been the best way to get around. There are 117 waterways and more than 400 bridges that can guide you where you want to go. People in Venice move from place to place by boat. They like to enjoy the scenery(风光) and cool summer nights while taking boat trips. They can talk to other people as they go along.

Venice grew out of small islands in saltwater lakes when some Italians escaped from a war over 1,500 years ago, and built homes there.

Water makes the city special, but it is also a big problem. Once, people used too much underground water. This made the city get lower little by little. Now the city has gone down by 23 centimeters. Another problem is the rising seawater. The temperature has risen over the years. This has made the ice of the Arctic Ocean (北冰洋) melt (融化).

Every year, high waters hit the city in autumn and winter. When a lot of water comes, more than half of the city is underwater.

Scientists are trying different ways to stop the city from getting even lower. The Italian government has asked some of Italy's biggest companies to build the MOST project, which was planned to be build under the seawater to stop the rising water. Anyway, this project is helping solve the problem.

On Tuesday, forest workers in northern China's Saihanba Forest Farm have received a UN environment prize for their outstanding contribution(贡献).

"As an ordinary worker on the farm, I am 1 by the prize," said a forest worker, Zhao  Fuzhou.

"The prize should 2three generations (代) of foresters," said Zhao Zhenyu, 78, one of Saihanba's first foresters, who began planting 3on what was then a piece of barren(贫瘠的) land in the early 1960s.

After years of hard 4, Saibanba is now a huge forest covering about 930 square kilometers. Now the 5in Saihanba purifies(净化) 137 million cubic meters of water and produces half a million tons of oxygen.

"Fifty-five years of efforts tell us that when one generation of foresters after 6spares no effort to improve the environment, they will 7      ," Zhao Zhenyu said.

"Saihanba has turned degraded land into 8     one, part of a new Green Great Wall that will play a part in helping to poet millions of people from air pollution," Zhao Zhenyu said.

Liu Haiying, head of the forest farm, said that the forests which have restored have the ability to produce huge benefits. "I believe that 9     we continue to make our efforts, generation after generation, China can create more green areas 10   Saihanba and reach an agreement between humans and nature. said Liu."

    Shanghai, on the east coast(海岸）of China, is one of the biggest cities in the country. Its population(人口)is 13 million. Shanghai is on the Huangpu River. There are many beautiful parks (像)the Yu Yuan Garden. Pudong is a (新的)part of Shanghai. With lots of tall (建筑物)like the 468-meter-high Oriental Pearl Tower. Putuoshan is a small island in the East China Sea,(在……附近)Shanghai.

    Dianshanhu Lake is in the Qingpu District, in the Western part of Shanghai. It is (更大的)than the West Lake in Hangzhou. It is also （受欢迎的）with visitors. Behind it is the old town of Zhujiajian. There is a high (大山)in this old town. There are 36 very old (桥)across the rivers here. If you walk(穿过) the city, you will find it is a very interesting place to (参观). Welcome to Shanghai.

    Kunming is a beautiful city. It is the capital city of Yunnan Province. The weather istoo cold nor tooall the year, just like the weather in, and there is no difference all the year round. That's why people call Kunming "Spring City".

    Kunming is also a "Garden city" with many differentof beautiful flowers. People in Kunming love flowers. When you arealong the streets in Kunming, you will probably meet some girls within their arms. They are as beautifulflowers.

    There are a lot ofstories in Kunming. The most famous one is the beautiful legend(传说)of "Ashima"(阿诗玛) .

Human, Don't Come Too Close

When we see babies or pets, we can't help gently touching them to show our love. And they give us happy feelings back. But a recent study shows that it's different for plants.

A study, published in The Plant Journal, shows that plants don't "like" to be touched. That's because touching changes their genes (基因) and, even worse, can slow their growth.

Professor Jim Whelan of the La Trobe Institute in Australia gave an explanation. "The lightest touch from a human, animal, insect, or even plants touching each other in the wind, leads to a huge gene change in the plant," Science Daily reported.

In order to test the theory, the scientists did an experiment on plants. They grew a number of plants to the age of four weeks. Then they touched them with a paintbrush every 12 hours over a 36-hour period.

They found that as a response to the touch, the mitochondria (线粒体) in the plants had been partly destroyed. The mitochondria, as Science Alert noted, are the "powerhouse of the cell (细胞)". The mitochondria produce energy for the rest of the cell in both animals and plants.

If this "powerhouse" is weakened, the plants will lose a large amount of energy that should have supported their growth. Whelan further explained to Science Daily, "If the touching is repeated, then plant growth is reduced by up to 30 percent."

Although the process does have a strong effect on plants, usually the plants survive. Touching changes the plants, but it's not necessarily a bad change.

According to Science Alert, frequent touching or moving plants will make them grow shorter than other ones. The researchers believe this change, in some way, could be helpful. It may help plants fight threats to their health such as insects and bad weather.

The new research findings have led to a deeper understanding of the plants' response to touching. And the research might "open up new ways to reduce sensitivity (敏感性) and improve growth in the future", Science Alert reported.

Spring is (come). It is warm and (wind). It often blows (gentle). The (day) get longer and the trees turn green. Children often go cycling or (play) balls in the park. Sometimes they fly kites in countryside.

In the morning, the sun is (rise), and the air is fresh. a nice morning! It is the (good) time to study. I hope you study better make progress every day!

Stonehenge, a rock circle, is not only one of Britain's most famous historical places but also one of its greatest mysteries Every year it (接待) more than 75,00 visitors. People like to go to this place(尤其) in June as they want to see the sun rising on the longest day of the year. For many years, historians believed Stonehenge was a temple where ancient leaders tried to (沟通，交流) with the gods. However, historian Paul Stoker thinks this can't be  (真的) because Stonehenge was  (建造) so many centuries ago." The leaders arrived in England much later," he points out.

Another  (受欢迎的) idea is that Stonehenge might be a kind of calendar. The large stones were put together in a certain way. On midsummer's morning, the sun shines (直接地) into the center of the stones. Other people believe the stones have a(医疗的) purpose. They think the stones can prevent illness and keep people healthy. "As you walk there, you can feel the energy from your (脚) move up your body," said one visitor. No one is sure what Stonehenge was used for, but most agree that the position of the stones must be for a special purpose. Some think it (可能) be a burial place or a place to honor ancestors. Others think it was built to celebrate a victory over an enemy.

Dear Kotaro,

Do you want to visit Taiwan? The island is 36,000 square kilometers(平方公里). Taipei is the capital of Taiwan. It has 2,300,000 people, and 98% of them are Chinese. It also has many fun holidays for children.

Warm all year around, you can visit Taiwan in any season. If you want to take a plane, it takes about four hours from Tokyo to Taiwan. You can also take a ship ride and it takes about two or three days. But you can enjoy the delicious food and wonderful shows on the ship during the ride.

Taiwan is a child-friendly place in China. Children are welcome in restaurants. Many restaurants (餐馆) offer fried chicken, fish or other special meals for children.

Do you like shopping? Taiwan has large shopping centers and night markets. You can buy cheap clothing and toys at some popular night markets. Dream Mall in Kaohsiung is nine stories high. And it's the sixth largest shopping center in Asia (亚洲).

I'm sure you will have a good time in Taiwan.

Love,

Dan Dong

Animals are our friends. There are many different1of animals on the earth. We can see2of them in a zoo. Koalas3in Australia. They are quiet, friendly but4. They sleep all day. Children usually see them5in the zoo and they like koalas very much. They6trees for homes. Giraffes are7Africa. They are interesting8friendly. They have big homes. Lions are9from Africa. They are exciting but10. Pandas are from China. They're cute and friendly. There are also other animals in a zoo, like bears, monkeys, deer, camels(骆驼). What animals do you like best?

You may think there is nothing but sand in the desert of the world, but it is not true. In the desert we can stones. We can see hills, too. There is a little rain in the , but it is not for most plants.

The animals are to the desert people in many ways. The desert people eat the meat and drink the milk of the animals. They use their skins to shoes, water bags and even tents. They use the camels for things.

The people of the desert have to keep from place to place. They must always look for grass or desert plants for their animals. They usually live in the tents. When there is no more food for their animals, they take down their tents, put them on the camels and move to place. The desert people are very .No man in the desert would ever refuse to help the people in and give them food and water.

Hundreds of years ago, no dandelions （蒲公英） grew in North America. Then people came from Europe. They had dandelion seeds on their clothes. The seeds ffrom their clothes onto the ground. Since then, dandelions have spread all over.

Most people believe that dandelions are weeds. They do not want them in their gardens. But some people think that dandelion flowers are p. And others think that dandelions taste good. They cook dandelion leaves o put them into a fresh salad. The leaves must be p before the flowers come out or they will not taste good. Some people make dandelion flowers into wine.

Dandelions do not d easily. If the winter is not very cold, their leaves may stay green.

When the spring arrives, their flowers come out. Each night their bright yellow flowers close up. When the sun s the next day, they open up a . Dandelion flowers are very u. They do not have to get pollen （花粉） from another dandelion flower in order to form seeds. So after several days, the yellow flower t white and soft. A tiny brown seed forms at the bottom of each white petal （花瓣）. When the wind blows, the petals float away.

    Each white petal carries a seed away. This lets the dandelions s their seeds all over.

New dandelions grow where the seeds land.

In the middle of the South Atlantic Ocean, one island stands alone. It is near Antarctica. But it is far away that people had difficulty finding it. At about 6.4 km long, the island is covered in glaciers (冰川). It is home to an inactive volcano（死火山）and huge amounts of ice. The sharp and high rocks around the island make sea landings almost impossible. This is Bouvet Island, the loneliest island in the world.

A French man found out Bouvet Island in 1739, but the island was so difficult to reach that nobody set foot on it for nearly a hundred years. No people live on Bouvet Island, and few plants grow there. Seals (海狮) come and go, but they haven't seen people since the government didn't allow people to catch seals and whales in the area any more. The island is cold all year round, with an average (平均的) temperature of about-1.7℃.

In recent years, Bouvet Island has been known a little more by the world. Norway, which claimed (宣称拥有)the island in 1928, set up an unmanned weather station there in 1977. Today, this quiet island near the South Pole sends weather data to a satellite (卫星), which passes the information to researchers in Norway. Scientists learn more every day about the island and its environment. Anyhow, Bouvet Island stands strong and silent in the cold weather condition.

It's December. It's snowy and the weather is really cold in the north of China. You can see many children playing with snow (雪). Some of them are making snowmen. Some are skating on the river, because it's so cold that the water in the river freezes(结冰). It's a white world. How beautiful! But in Australia now, the weather (天气) is hot. Many people go swimming in the sea(大海). They are having a good time. Jim and his friends are playing soccer near the sea. The sunny weather is really cool to them. They want to swim after playing soccer.

Why are they swimming in December? It is winter, isn't it? Yes, it is in China. But it isn't in Australia. That's because we, Chinese and Australians , have different seasons(季节) in a year.

In most parts of Europe, people never know what the weather will be like in winter. Canadians know what winter means. When the last leaves fall off the trees in autumn, Canadians know that winter is coming, and that it will be cold or very cold! When the cold air blows south in the winter months, Canadians know that the temperature will fall below —20℃ or even lower. And because they know that it is going to happen, Canadians are ready for it!

In Edmonton, the first snows of winter can sometimes come in October. When this happens, people in Edmonton say that it is a little early, but then just get on with their normal lives. :

Winter usually lasts from November to March in Canada. The temperature during the daytime in the city hardly rises above freezing. Sometimes, the temperature in the city may not rise above (在……上面) -20℃.

The easiest way to keep away from the cold is to stay indoors as much as possible! However, this does not mean that you have to stay at home. Many people keep their cars indoors. Without going outside, they can reach them. Some shopping centers have underground or indoor parking places. In the city center, it is often possible to walk from one building to another, underground or above ground, without having to go out in the cold.

A tsunami is a huge ocean wave (浪). An earthquake usually causes a tsunami. The biggest tsunami ever hit land on July 9, 1958. It happened when an earthquake shook the undersea floor. The 8.0 earthquake shook 40 million cubic yards (立方码) of rocks and ice from a mountain. The landslide (滑坡) fell 3,000 feet and hit the water with terrible force. It caused the huge tsunami wave. The wave was more than 1,640 feet (500 meters) high and hit over five square miles of land. It also destroyed millions of trees.

There were no towns in the area, so it is different from the terrible tsunami of 2004. More than 200,000 people lost their lives in 2004.     ▲    . These two unlucky people were on a fishing boat in the bay when the wave arrived. Another boat was carrying Peter and his wife. They jumped into a small boat and some people saved them a few hours later. Jack and his seven-year-old son were on the third boat. Luckily, both of them didn't die.

For many years, scientists discussed about the reasons of tsunami in 1958. Some scientists said lots of rocks fell into the bay, but it was not enough to cause such a huge wave. They thought that the earthquake itself caused the wave. However, as our understanding of earthquakes and tsunamis improved, most scientists now regard the landslide as the true reason for the wave. But no one argues that the wave was the largest in the world and will keep a long time in the future.

London, the capital (首都) of Britain, is a famous city with a long history and rich culture. When you walk in London, you will be fully immersed (沉浸) in the beauty of places of interests (名胜古迹) like

Buckingham Palace, the Tower of London and Stonehenge and feel quite   (relax) The Thames River runs through London from west to east. So the city has two parts: the South and the North. You can have a great time  (visit) both of the two parts in those famous buildings, shops, big parks and interesting places.

The weather in London is good. In winter it is not very cold and in summer it is not very hot  the city is near the sea. But London is also a foggy city (雾都) and it often has  (rain) days. People there often go out an umbrella.

It's 8 in the morning. I  (drive) in London right now. Unluckily, I meet one of the thickest  (fog) in years. I can't see things in front of me  (clear). Cars and buses are moving along with their lights on. The fog is so thick that all the buses and cars stop. I have to get to my office on time because I have important meeting. However, it is impossible (不可能) for me  (find) a bus, a car or a taxi. In the end, I have to get there on foot.