自然地理类 知识点题库

    Langshan Mountain, lying in Xinning County, is about 500 kilometers away from Changsha. It is one of China's National Geological Parks and is famous for its special Danxia landform(丹霞地貌).

    Covering an area of 108 square kilometers, Langshan Mountain has rich natural scenery and lots of tourism resources. There are more than 60 scenic spots (景点) in Langshan Mountain, among which the most famous are Tianyi Lane (天一巷), Chili Peak (辣椒峰), Bajiao Stronghold (八角寨) and so on.

    On August 2^nd, 2010, Langshan Mountain was recorded in the World Heritage List (世界遗产名录) and became China's eighth world natural heritage.

    If you would like to visit Langshan Mountain, you can take a bus from Shaoyang South Station to Xinning County. It will take you about 2 hours and the price of the bus ticket is 54 yuan each adult. Then you can take a taxi to Langshan Mountain. The best time to visit Langshan Mountain is from March to October.

When we are talking about animals in China, the most precious (珍贵的) animal we would think of is the panda. In fact, we have one kind of bird as precious as the panda,1many people don't know much about it. The bird is called crested ibis (朱鹮) . It is as2as snow with a red face and looks very beautiful. It is also in danger like the panda.

Crested ibises3in tall trees by small rivers or rice fields. They look for small fish and4small animals for food. About one hundred years ago,5crested ibises lived in China, Russia and Japan. Later, as they lost their homes,6them was getting smaller and smaller. Between 1965 and 1980, people didn't see any of them living in the wild. Luckily, on May 23, 1981, scientists7seven of them in the south of Shanxi Province, 8protect crested ibises in the wild, the Chinese government is setting up nature parks and developing other plans. Now scientists are doing a lot of research to help them to9more babies. Today there are about 1,500 crested ibises living in the wild. Zoos and research centres10after about 500 crested ibises.

    Everyone talks about the weather, but no one does anything about it. It is true people usually begin their talks “Isn't it a nice day?" "Do you think it will rain?" "What a fine day!".

    Many people think they can tell what the weather is going to be . But they hardly with each other. One man may say, “Do you see how cloudy it is in the east? It's going to rain tomorrow. ”Another man will say, “No, it's going to be fine tomorrow.

    People often look for the weather they want. When a farmer water, he looks for something to tell him it's going to rain. He won't believe anything else. When friends have a travel, they are sure the weather is going to clear up very quickly. Almost everyone listens to what the weatherman says，but he doesn't always tell us what we want, and sometimes he makes a Still, he probably comes closer to being correct than anyone else.

Different weather makes people feel different. It influences health, intelligence and feelings.

In August, it is very hot and wet in the northern part of the United States. People there have heart trouble and other kinds of health problems during this month. In the Northeast and the Middle West, it is very hot at some times and very cold at other times. People in these states have more heart trouble after the weather changes in February or March.

The weather can also influence intelligence. For example, in a scientific report, IQ of a group of students was very high when a very strong wind came, but after the wind, their IQ was 10% below. The wind can help people have more intelligence. Very hot weather, on the other hand, can make it lower. Students in many schools of the United States often get worse on exams in the hot months of the year（July and August）.

Weather also has a strong influence on people's feelings. Winter may be a bad time for thin people. They usually feel cold during these months. They might feel unhappy during cold weather. But fat people may have a hard time in hot summer.

Low air pressure may make people forgetful. Research shows that people leave more bags on buses and in shops on low-pressure days. However, at about 18℃, people become healthier and stronger. People feel best at this temperature.

Are you feeling tired, forgetful or unhappy today? It may be the weather's problem.

    London is a wonderful and large city. The Thames River runs through the city from west to east, just like the Hudson River in New York. So London has two parts, the South and the North. In the North are shops, big parks and quite good places.

    The weather in London is mild. In winter it is not very cold and in summer it is not very hot. People say that London is a foggy(多雾的) city and it often rains. It is true. My friend Linda lives in London. One day last year, the fog was very thick. All the buses and trains stopped. So she had to walk to school that day.

    The food in London is very nice, too. Many people have hamburgers for lunch. They also like Chinese food. Sometimes they have noodles and soup for dinner. But people like fish and chips best. Most visitors in London would like to have fish and chips.

Do you know that Stonehenge is not only one of Britain's (famous) historical places but also one of its greatest (mystery). But no one knows who (build) Stonehenge. For many years, historians believed Stonehenge was a temple where ancient leaders tried (communicate) with the gods. However, historian Paul Stoker thinks this can't be true because Stonehenge (build) so many centuries ago. Another popular idea is that Stonehenge might be a kind of calendar. The large stones were put together a certain way. On midsummer's morning, the sun shines (direct) into the center of the stones. Other people (believe) the stones have a medical purpose. They think the stones can prevent (ill) and keep people healthy. No one is sure what Stonehenge was used for, most agree that the position of the stones must be for a special purpose.

    Autumn is a good time for children to go outside and see the different colors of nature. The wind is cool. The days are short and the leaves are changing colors. Autumn is a great season for kids to play outside. What outdoor activities do children like?

    In China, students often have a picnic with their classmates. Usually, they will go to parks or to the places that are close to nature.

    What kinds of autumn activities are there for children in other countries?

Japanese students often go hiking. It is a good way to get exercise while enjoying the outdoors. Mountain climbing in nice weather is also a good choice.

    Children in the US like to go for bike rides in autumn. Take a mountain bike ride and you will have a lot of fun.

    In the UK, schoolchildren like to camp outside with their parents. They make food over the fire and tell stories.

    Round eyes, round head, round ears, round body! What is this lovely little animal? He looks like a bear. But he is not a bear. He's a KOALA.

    People in Australia love koalas and take care of them. They have set up places for them to live safely. No one can kill them for their pretty fur. When a koala is born, he has no fur. And he is not as big as your little toe！The mother koala has a pocket in the front of her body. The baby goes into this warm pocket. There he stays for six months.

    When the baby leaves the pocket, he has much fur. And he is about as big as your shoe. He climbs to his mother's back. He rides there while she teaches him how to find food. Mrs. Koala is a loving mother. She takes good care of her baby. But when he is bad, she beats him! The baby cries just as a small child does. If he keeps on crying, his mother beats him again. When he stops crying, she takes him in her arms. And then they both go to sleep for a while.

    The koala could not live without a special kind of tree. The tree gives him both his home and his food. For most of the day, the koala sleeps in the tree.

    At night, the koala looks for food. He may go miles to find it. He likes only the bark (树皮) and the leaves of the tree. He eats nothing else. And he eats more than two pounds each night!

    It's a pity that thousands of koalas were killed by bush fires months ago in Australia. We should protect the environment and care more about wildlife, and then we will see the smiling faces of lovely koalas again, 

Giraffes are the tallest animals on the Earth. Male giraffes can grow to a hof about 17 feet. An adult giraffe can look into your bedroom window on the second floor.

Giraffes only live on the continent of Africa. The only giraffes in China are fin zoos or animal parks. Vlove to see the giraffes because they are so tall.

Giraffes love to eat leaves. With their longest necks, they can eeat leaves from the tops of trees. Giraffes don't d much water. They get much of the water they need from the leaves they eat.

An important scientific report announcing "irrefutable(不能反驳的) proof" that climate change is happening and it's all our fault. How long has it been before people are against the global warming idea? Here's a funny thing. Last year there was a very bad hurricane season in the Caribbean when, among other disasters, New Orleans was all but wiped off the map. We were wisely informed by the experts at the time that this was owing to global warming.

I remember watching a BBC science programmer and hearing a learned professor with a beard tell us. "The increased frequency and strength of hurricanes is what we shall have to learn to expect given global warming".

This year there have been far fewer hurricanes and those there have been were relatively mild. The explanation? Why, good old global warming again of course. Professor Bjorn Lomborg, author of The Skeptical Environmentalist writes. "In the constant media reports of possible greenhouse related disasters, almost any event is now linked to climate change, "He adds. "We should not spend vast amounts of money to cut a tiny slice of the global temperature increase when this leads to a poor use of resources and when we could probably use these funds far more effectively in the developing world." For saying this, Lomborg has had death threats.

Other scientists who do not toe the global- warming- is- happening- and- it's- all- our- fault line have received the same. There are plenty of people who have doubts about global warming. A world of senior climatologists and meteorologists wrote to The Times last year to complain that they couldn't get their research findings published - because they disagreed to it. We have had a warm autumn. The experts, fanatics (狂热者) all of them, put it down to global warming. If we have an extra cold winter, they will tell us it's a result of global warming. If my big toe feels cold or hurts badly, it will be owing to global warming.

Have you ever heard of Iceland? Iceland is a European country. It used to be one of the richest countries in the world. Its total area is 103 thousand square kilometers. Summer in Iceland is very short, which lasts from June to August. Its winter starts from September and ends next May.

In 1980, Iceland started to develop its tourist industry. Forty years has passed since then. In summer, plenty of tourists from all over the world come here to have a visit. In winter, people in Iceland have to spend the long dark night. They usually have a lot of special activities, such as skating, riding snow motorbikes and having parties to have an exciting night.

Because of a long cold winter, Iceland has a short growing season. The food problem was always a headache for Iceland in the past. Now the problem is being solved.

Stonehenge

With a history of about 5, 000 years, Stonehenge is one of the world wonders. It's a circle of stones of different heights. The stones used to be about 200 kilometers away. Now people still wonder how these people moved the huge stones without machines' help.

Louvre Museum

No visit to Paris is complete without a trip to Louvre Museum, one of the largest and most famous art museums in the world. About 35, 000 works of art from different centuries are on show, of which the Mona Lisa is the best-known.

Mount Qomolangma

Heavy snow, cold wind and thin oxygen(氧气), Mount Qomolangma seems to say no to any climber who dreams about making it to the top of the world. Tenzing and Edmund were the earliest to arrive at the top, but they were up there for just 15 minutes before coming down.

Lake District National Park

In the north of England lies Lake District National Park, which is very beautiful, with hills, lakes and forests. Most tourists enjoy walking around the lakes and climbing mountains. Lake District National Park is also a perfect place to paint the beautiful countryside.

Do you know the famous movie Happy Feet? It tells a story about penguins(企鹅).

Penguins are very animals. Many people like very much. But do you know they live? They live at the South Pole(南极). That's they like the cold weather there. They like with their family. There 20 kinds of penguins in the world. They have beautiful black and white . Some of them are very big, and they can be one meter so they can eat a lot. What do they eat? They usually eat small . Many people think penguins are the cutest animals in the world. Do you want to go to the South Pole to them one day?

The Grand Canyon(科罗拉多大峡谷) is a large river canyon in Arizona. It is over 220 miles long and over a mile deep in some places. Its widest point is 18 miles wide. The canyon is considered one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World.

Over millions of years, the Colorado River wore away rocks as it passed through the area. Slowly, the river made the path deeper and deeper. Now the canyon is surrounded by steep walls on either side, while the river continues to flow at the bottom of the canyon.

Besides its large size, the Grand Canyon is also known for its magnificent colors. The canyon is made of layers of rock(岩层), and each layer of rock has a different depth and color. Geologists have identified almost 40 different layers of rock exposed by the rivers erosion.

The climate in canyon area is primarily desert, with both high and low temperatures. The upper rims of the canyon often receive snowfall. The air quality is usually very high, although dust storms and smoke from fires can change the air.

The Grand Canyon is home to a variety of plants and animals. Plants range from various species of cactuto pine forests. Many types of animals live in the area, including the bald eagle, bobcats, bats and gila monsters. Six different kinds of rattlesnakes have been found in the area

Today, the canyon is part of the Grand Canyon National Park. About five million tourists visit the park each year.

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If we want to find out what kind of technology people used in the past, we normally have to depend on archaeologists to find ruined(毁坏) buildings and parts of tools or instruments or machines. Archaeologists then try to reconstruct(修复),sometimes with the help of computer technology, what these ancient buildings and objects must have looked like, and how they might have been made. Sometimes historians are lucky and find an ancient document with a written description of these ancient buildings and objects.

We can understand, then, why Chinese historians were so excited when they found cave paintings which show ancient science. They found these paintings in the world-famous Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang City, in Northwest China's Gansu Province. There are 500man-made caves with a history of at least 1,600 years. Almost all of these caves have paintings on their ceilings or walls and they date from the 4th to 14th centuries. Wang Jinyu is an expert on these cave paintings (also called frescoes(壁画)) and he says, "We discovered frescoes with scientific and technological content in almost all of the caves which have frescoes." According to the Xinhua News Agency, these cave paintings provide evidence(证据) of ""scientific and technological inventions by ancient Chinese in maths, physics, chemistry, geography, traffic and transportation, arms and military equipment, ...etc."

Among the discoveries that experts have made are cave paintings showing ancient techniques of pottery making and wine production as well as paintings showing ancient weaving machines and then toothbrushes! The paintings also give some evidence of the lifestyle at the time with, for example, pictures of people boiling milk over 1,000 years ago. Experts believe that there is more evidence to be found, but even now the caves are a wonderful natural museum. If the walls and ceilings of the caves were all put together, they would form a tapestry(壁毯), 20 kilometers long and 2 meters high!

It won't be possible to travel back in time—that only happens in films—but visiting these caves would be the nearest experience you could get to travelling back in time.

Trees are one of our best friends. They help keep the air clean, stop noise pollution, improve water quality and provide food and building materials.

Just like us, trees change a lot as they grow. At one to three years old, young trees learn how to protect themselves. For example, many trees grow thorns (刺) to warn animals not to go near.

When trees are four years old they begin to grow very quickly and become strong enough to face challenges later in life. At the age of 15, trees become young adults. They grow more slowly and begin to produce flowers and fruit.

The tree doesn't become a real adult until it is 20 to 25 years old. The tree reaches its largest size. Not only does the adult tree give us shade (树荫), oxygen (氧气) and natural beauty, it is also a great place for a tree house, or a place for us to read a book, listen to music or drink tea. If the adult tree receives proper care, it may continue to live healthily for over 100 years.

Gradually, trees begin to grow older and older and even die. At this time, they still have their important place in nature. Even though a tree becomes hollow or part of it becomes dead, it can provide a home for small animals.

In many ways, the life of a tree is similar to our own life experience. When looking at the life of a tree, we learn that each period of life brings its own form of joy. Enjoy every minute of it and take care of the trees!

London is such a wonderful city. It is very large. The River Thames runs through the city from west to east. The city has two parts—the South and the North. In the North there are important buildings, shops, big parks and interesting places.

The weather in London is good. In winter it is not very cold and in summer it is not very hot because the city is near the sea. People say London is a foggy city and that it often rains. It is true.

Last year, when I was in London I saw one of the thickest fogs in years. You could hardly see your hand in front of your face. Cars and buses moved along with their lights on.

When evening fell, the weather grew even worse. The fog was as thick as milk，and all the buses and cars stopped. I had an important meeting on the other side of the town, but it was impossible to find a taxi. I had to get there on foot.

Fraser Island（费沙岛） is in Queensland, Australia, it's the largest sand island in the world. There's no airport on the island, but there's a long beach.

The sand makes unusual shapes. There are hills made of sand. Nothing grows on them. They move one or two meters a year from the northwest towards the southeast of the island, getting bigger and bigger. What's more, the sandy rocks there have different colors. Sometimes the rocks are so brown that they turn the sea brown

Surprisingly, the sandy island has lots of plants and animals. There are dark forests, beautiful flowers and over a hundred lakes. There are many kinds of birds. There are many animals there, such as flying foxes and wild dogs.

About 500, 000 people visit the island every year to enjoy the beauty there. People enjoy camping and walking there. Unluckily, they also bring some problems. They hurt plants and animals. The rubbish makes the water dirty. So it's necessary to stop visitors using motorboats（摩托艇）（官方的） papers to drive there.