社会历史类 知识点题库

Western films play an important role in the history of American films. They are set in the American West. Most of the heroes are from famous novels. They speak highly of people's spirit, courage and building everything all by themselves.
Early western films were mostly filmed in the studio, just like other early Hollywood films. With the development of technology, it began to be filmed at movie ranches(大牧场) from the 1930s. Often, the vast(开阔的) landscape becomes a character in the film. After the early 1950s, various(彩色的) wide screen technologies began to be used. During this time, the most typical western films focused on huge plains, soldiers or tourists, they were always the most handsome men.
Until recent times, western films seem to be a little out of date. For example, the guns are always some old ones. They were frequently(经常性地) used in films set in the 1870s. In the late 1960s, things began to change. Some new guns began to show in the films.

       Basketball is still a young game. It's over a hundred years old. In the winter of 1891, a certain college was having some trouble with its boy students. The weather was bad and the students had to stay indoors. As they couldn't play outdoors, they were unhappy, and some even got into fights from time to time.
       Some of the teachers at the college asked Dr. Naismith to invent（发明）a game so that the students might have something to play with. It was not easy to invent such a game because it had to be played indoors , and the court（球场）was not very large.
Dr. Naismith thought for a few days and invented a kind of ball game. It was a fast, wonderful game with much moving and passing of the ball. It was played between two teams. To make a score , the ball had to be thrown into the basket ten feet（英尺）above
the floor on the wall. At each end of the court there was such a basket. At first, Dr.
Naismith wanted to throw the ball into a box. As he could not find boxes of the right size, he had to use fruit baskets instead. That is how the game got its name.

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的A,B,C,D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

    A thousand years ago, Hong Kong was covered by a thick forest. As more and more people came to 1 in Hong Kong, these trees were cut down and burnt. Now there is 2 forest left, though there are still some small areas covered with trees. We call these woods, not forests.

    Elephants,tigers and many 3 animals were living in the thick forest. When people came to live in Hong Kong, the 4 began to die out. Early farmers grew rice and kept pigs and chickens in the valleys (山谷). They cut down the trees and burnt them. They needed fire to keep themselves 5 in winter, to cook their food and to keep away the dangerous animals. Elephants 6 disappeared because there was not enough food for them. So did most of the wolves and tigers. Monkeys and many other animals soon died 7 the same way.

    You might think that there are no longer any animals in Hong Kong except in the zoos. There  8 still about 36 different animals living there. One of the most interesting of Hong Kong's animals is the barking deer (麂). These are beautiful little animals with a rich brown coat and a white patch(补丁) under the tail. They look like deer but they are much smaller. They are less than two feet  9 . They make a noise rather like a dog barking. In Hong Kong the barking deer has only one real enemy – 10 . People hunt these little animals though it is illegal (违法的). There are now not many barking deer left. So it is important for people to protect wild animals.

阅读理解

    Langshan Mountain, lying in Xinning County, is about 500 kilometers away from Changsha. It is one of China's National Geological Parks and is famous for its special Danxia landform (丹霞地貌).

    Covering an area of 108 square kilometers, Langshan Mountain has rich natural scenery and lots of tourism resources (资源). There are more than 60 scenic spots (景点) in Langshan Mountain, among which the most famous are Tianyi Lane (天一巷), Chili Peak (辣椒峰), Bajiao Stronghold (八角寨) and so on.

    On August 2nd, 2010, Langshan Mountain was recorded in the World Heritage List (世界遗产名录) and became China's eighth world natural heritage.

    If you would like to visit Langshan Mountain, you can take a bus from Shaoyang South Station to Xinning County. It will take you about 2 hours and the price of the bus ticket is 54 yuan each adult. Then you can take a taxi to Langshan Mountain. The best time to visit Langshan Mountain is from March to October.

阅读理解

    Today there are policemen everywhere, but in 1700, London had no policemen at all. A few old men used to protect(保护)the city streets at night and they were not paid.

    About 300 years ago, London was starting to get bigger and more and more people began to live there. The city was very dirty and many people were poor. There were so many thieves(小偷)who stole(偷)money in the streets that people stayed in their homes as much as possible.

    In 1750, Henry Fielding started to pay a group of people to stop thieves. They were like policemen and were called "Bow Street Runners" because they worked near Bow Street.

    Fifty years later, there were 120"Bow Street Runners", but London had become very big and needed more policemen. So in 1829, the first London Police Force was started with 3, 000 officers. Most of the men worked on foot, but a few rode horses. Until(直到)1920 all the police in London were men.

    Today, London police are quite well paid and for the few police officers who still ride horses, the pay is even better than for the others.

请阅读下面短文，根据短文内容从每小题所给的A，B，C，D,选出最佳选项。

    Tea culture is varied in different countries by the way tea is made and drunk, and by the places for tea drinking. How to make tea may be different. According to the ways of making tea, tea is classified (分类) into white tea, green tea, black tea, etc. And how to prepare tea may be different, too. In Tibet, tea is commonly boiled with salt and butter. People may drink tea at home or in public, for example, at tea houses.

    As a part of culture, tea has a relationship with history, health, education, communication and so on. It is commonly used at social activities. For example, afternoon tea is a British custom. Families or friends can communicate with each other while having afternoon tea.

    Tea has remained a way of daily life in China ________ It makes people less tired, clears heat in the human body and helps people lose weight.

    Chinese people are good at using tea to make other things delicious. Tea, originally (最初) served as a medicine in ancient times, is now not just a kind of drink, but also excellent seasoning (调味品). Here are two delicious dishes made with tea:

    Tea Eggs: You can find them cooked and sold in street markets in almost every city in China.

    Dragon Well Tea Shrimp (龙井虾仁): It's one of the most well-known dishes in Hangzhou.

    Before you drink tea, please check the following tips:

    ◆Drink tea hot.

    ◆The best time to drink is between meals. It is bad for your stomach if you drink tea just before meals, during meals or soon after meals.

    ◆Do not drink too much strong tea.

阅读理解

    Many large cities in the United States have an area called Chinatown. It was set up by people who came from China. For example, Chinatown in San Francisco, California, began in 1848. The Chinese immigrants(移民) came to America to look for gold in the 1850s. Then the area they lived in later became known as Chinatown.

    Chinatowns were also set up in cities in the western states like Oregon (俄勒冈州) and Washington D. C. during the 19th century. Many Chinese immigrants in these areas helped build the first railroad system across the United States.  However, after the work ended, many Chinese moved to the eastern and middle parts of the United States.

    Chinatowns can also be found in cities outside the United States. For example, the first Chinese immigrants arrived in London in the late 18th century. They were men who worked for the East India Company. Later, the Chinese immigrants opened small shops and restaurants there.

    Today, many people visit Chinatowns. They have special Chinese gates and walking areas for visitors. Chinatowns around the world are not only places where Chinese people live and work, but also places where visitors can learn more about Chinese culture and traditions.

阅读理解

    Tea has a long history with more than two thousand years. Its home town is certainly China.

    At first tea was considered as a kind of good thing that could make people awake so that they could study comfortably. Many knowledgeable people thought it was helpful for their study because their minds could keep awake after drinking much tea. During the Tang Dynasty, tea was sent to—European countries first through the Silk Road. It was tea that made Chinese culture spread over in Western countries. The first book about tea was The Classic of Tea by Lu Yu in the Tang Dynasty. In the book, he described all the tea cultures. However, the tea culture changed into a kind of new form. Many people could find something bad in it in the Song Dynasty. Many people spent much time on it instead of thinking about the safety of their country. Between the end of the Yuan. Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty plenty of people paid more attention to tea. People thought of it as the symbol of the spirit.

    Nowadays, tea has become the most gentle and comfortable drink in France. It also becomes a helpful drink that is good for people's skin an health in England. Lots of Chinese look on tea as one of the most popular presents that they give others at important festivals.

Choose the best answers.

    There are some special traditions in Hawail. People are very friendly and always welcome visitors. They give visitors a long necklace of beautiful fresh flowers. Men wear bright flowered shirts, and women often wear long flowered dresses. There are traditional Chinese, Japanese and Filipino holidays and all the holidays from the United States. They call Hawaii the Aloha State. Aloha means both "hello and "goodbye". It also means "I love you".

    Usually when people from different countries, races, and traditions live together, there are serious problems. There are a few problems in Hawaii, but in general, people have learned to live together in peace.

    Hawaians make a living and earn most of their money from travellers and most of the travellers come from the mainland and from Japan. There are many people living in Hawail now so there are residential areas where there used to be farms. Some of the big sugar and pineapple companies have moved to the Philippines, where they do not have to pay workers much money. The families of the first people who came from the USA mainland own the important banks and companies. Japanese are also starting businesses here.

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    We use elevators all the time, but try and imagine life without them. Tall buildings wouldn't be possible without the invention of the elevator. It's convenient and safe, but did you know that long ago people were afraid of using elevators?

    People had been using ropes to move things for thousands of years before the invention of the modern elevator. The ancient Romans moved heavy things attached (系) to ropes pulled by people or animals. Then in 1743, the French king had a "flying chair". His men lifted the king up to the second floor by using ropes. Although elevators had been improving over time, people were afraid to use them.

People liked the idea of an elevator, but they believed it might suddenly fall.

    I n 1853, Elisha Otis invented the modern elevator. He made safety brakes (刹车) to stop the elevator from falling. Otis had been thinking about people's fear of elevators. He decided to do an elevator act at a show in 1854. Otis stood on his elevator and cut the rope that was holding it. The elevator fell, but the safety brakes suddenly stopped it. Otis amazed the audience! Three years later, customers at a department store in New York could travel to the fifth floor by using an Otis elevator.

    The next step was to improve the elevator ride. People had been feeling nervous about using elevators because they were small and noisy. In the 1920s, elevators started playing relaxing music to cover up other sounds. Then there was a great idea to put mirrors in elevators. The mirrors made the elevator seem bigger and quicker. People could check their hair instead of fearing the elevator!

    These days, elevators aren't scary. Elevators are getting faster, and office buildings, apartments and hotels are getting higher. You can find Otis elevators in most cities around the world. Remember to enjoy your ride in the elevator when you're going up to the thirty-fifth floor!

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    There are more than 8 million restaurants in the world today. So it might surprise you to learn that restaurants have only existed for a few centuries. Before 1765, there were no restaurants. That means there were no places that provided the restaurant experience. There was nowhere in which a waiter brought you food and drinks that you picked from a menu. In fact, there were no menus anywhere.

    There were eating places travelers could go to centuries before that. The countryside was full of taverns where one could get food and drinks. The rich could also eat special meals prepared by private cooks. But none of them could be called a "restaurant".

    A man called Boulanger changed that. In 1765, he opened a place in Paris that sold soup. He used the word "restaurant" to describe what he was selling. At that time, soup was considered something that could help people feel better. Soon, people started buying Boulanger's soup even when they were not ill, and they began to use the word "restaurant" to refer to a place selling soup rather than the soup itself. More "restaurants" opened in France, and people began to buy soup more often.

    Later, restaurants in Paris began to serve other food besides soup In the 1790s, menu started to appear. By the mid-1800s, there were many kinds of restaurants across the world. The United States offered coffee shops. Tea houses became popular all over China.

完形填空

    London is one of the largest cities in the world. What other 1 do you know about it? Do you know there are three "Londons"?

    One is the City of London, the oldest part of London. It is the country's' financial (金融的) center. The City is 2 in the day. Lots of people work there. But at night the City is a different 3. Most people who work there don't 4 there. The City is quiet at night.

    Another is the West End 5 lots of popular shops and hotels. It's the 6 part of London. There are great theaters, cinemas, museums, long streets of fine shops, and parks. So many people around the world 7 the West End every year. The Houses of Parliament, Whitehall, the Buckingham Palace are also in the West End. Whitehall is very 8 street. Most of government offices (政府机关) are there.

    If the City is the "money" of London, and the West End is the "goods (商品)" of London, 9 the East End is the "hands" of London. There are lots of factories in the East End, and many people work there. Many of 10 live a poor life.

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    Not all inventions are made by scientists. Kids can also make history with their inventions.

    The state flag of Alaska was designed by 13-year-old John Benson in 1927. His design was chosen from a flag-designing competition. It became the official flag in1959. Benson won a $1,000 scholarship (奖学金) and a watch.

    Frank Epperson invented the Popsicle in 1905 when he was only 11 years old. It was called the Epsicle at that time. Frank left his drink outside the door overnight with a stick (木棒) in it. That night the temperature dropped and everything was frozen including Frank's drink. That didn't stop him from tasting it, so today we have Popsicles to eat.

    In 1642 Blaise Pascal designed the first calculator (计算器) when he was 19. The machine was for his father, a tax collector, to make his job easier. Blaise named it "the Pascaline". He made about 50 of them, but nobody was interested in it. People thought it would take jobs away from them. 300 years went by, and the calculator finally became a success. In 1968, the programming language (程序设计语言), PASCAL, was named after him.

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In many countries around the world, May 1st is a holiday which is called Labor Day or Workers' Day. It is an interesting holiday that honors (授予...荣誉) working men and women and their jobs.

During the late 1880s, in many parts of the world, people worked for fourteen to sixteen hours a day in factories, but made very little money. Later, in the United States and Canada, working people got together to set up unions (工会). The union leaders asked factory bosses for shorter working days and higher salaries (工资), but many of the bosses     ▲    .

On May 1st, 1886, men and women in the United States and Canada stopped working and went onto the streets. They walked through cities and towns to force bosses to let them work eight hours a day. In the city of Chicago, several people died in fighting with the police. Over the next few years, people in cities around the world stopped working on May 1st to honor workers everywhere. By the early twentieth century, the first of May became a national holiday in many countries.

However, in the United States and Canada, May 1st is not a holiday. North Americans celebrate Labor Day on the first Monday in September. Today in the Unites States, Labor Day is mostly about having fun. People enjoy a long weekend, and often celebrate it by having picnics with friends or family. In many parts of the Unites States, Labor Day is also the last day of summer vacation, and students return to school the next day.

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Piggy banks have been around for a long time, but did you ever wonder why people thought to make their banks in the shape of a pig?

Pigs have nothing to do with money. They don't store food like a camel or a squirrel. So how did we end up using a pig as the style of a bank? Believe it or not, it happens by mistake.

During the 15th century, metal was very expensive. Dishes and pots are made of a type of inexpensive orange clay called pygg, which was pronounced just like pig . At this time there weren't banks like we have today, so people would store their money at home.

When people had extra coins to save, they would place them in clay jars or pots. Since the type of play was called pygg , people called the jars pygg banks. Over time, this evolved(发展) into piggy banks.

After a few hundred years, people forgot that the word pygg referred to the clay the banks were made from. The English language was also changing and the word pig was more commonly used. So in the 19th century when English potters（陶艺家）began to make piggy banks ,they thought their customers were asking for banks in the shape of pigs, not banks made from pygg.

Today piggy banks are made from all kinds of materials. And they also come in a variety of shapes and animals. But the term piggy bank is still used.

根据下列短文，写出与各小题所给汉语相对应的英语单词的正确形式（每空一词）。

Mr Jackson and Betty are discussing great writers. Betty explains that in her Internet group, each person reads a favourite book and then writes a(n) (评论) of it. Mr Jackson (接受) that Confucius and Shakespeare are great because their works are still read by people today, but he thinks Confucius was more a teacher and thinker than a writer. He says that Confucius was a very (睿智的) man. Mr Jackson thinks that we are still (影响) by Confucius's ideas and that Shakespeare's plays still make (意义) to people today.

阅读理解

The first emperor of China, Qin Shihuang, completed a huge number of projects during his rule. Between 221 and 210 B. C. , he started the building of the Great Wall. The emperor also ordered the building of a huge army of life-sized terracotta soldiers (士兵). These, he hoped, would protect his tomb after his death.

Lost in Time

The soldiers in Xi'an's terracotta museum are today light brown, but they weren't always. They began as an army of red, blue, yellow, green, white, and purple. Sadly, most of the colors did not last to the present day. After being exposed (暴露) to air during digging, the coating under the paint began to fall off. The paint disappeared in less time than it takes to boil an egg, taking away with it important pieces of history.

New Technology

Now new technology is starting to show the army's true colors. Archeologists (考古学家) have recently discovered an area with more than a hundred soldiers. Many of these still have their painted features, including black hair, pink faces, and black or brown eyes. Chinese and German researchers have developed a chemical liquid (液体) to help save the soldiers' colors. After finding a soldier or another art piece, archeologists put the liquid on it. They then cover it in plastic.

Back to Life

Archeologists are also finding colors in the dirt around the soldiers. It's important not to do anything with the dirt, so the colors won't be lost. "We are treating the dirt as an art piece, "says Rong Bo, the museum's leading archeologist. The next challenge, says Rong Bo, is to find a way to use the colors onto the army-again. Once that happens, artists can bring Emperor Qin's army back to its full, bright colors.

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The Chinese first made paper about 2, 000 years ago. China still has pieces of paper which were made as long ago as that. But Chinese paper was not made from the wood of trees. It was made from the hair一 -like parts of certain plants.

    Paper was not made in southern Europe until about the year 1100. Scandinavia(斯堪的纳维亚半岛), which now makes a great deal of the world's paper, did not begin to make it until 1500. It was a German named Schaeffer who found out that one could make the best paper from trees. After that, the forest countries of Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the United States became the largest paper producers. Today in Finland, which makes the best paper in the world, the paper industry is the biggest on land. New paper-making machines are very big, and they make paper very fast. The biggest machines can make a piece of paper 300 metres long and 6 metres wide in one minute.

    When we think of paper, we think of newspapers, books, letters, envelopes and writing paper. But there are many other uses. Only half of the paper that is made is used for books and newspapers, etc.

短文填空。从方框中选择正确选项完成短文, 并将其字母序号写在后面的空格内。

A. played,  B. pay,  C. usually, D. hobbies,  E. communicate F. earliest,  G. add  H. instead,  I. touch,  J. movies  K. stamps

You stick（粘）a stamp on an envelope. And then it travels across the world to find another person Stamps help people keep in with their friends and families. They have an important role in people's lives for a long time now. People have a special day for Oct 9is World Post Day.

Before stamps, people didn't for the letters they sent, but they paid for the letters they got. The first stamp ever made is called Penny Black. It is a British stamp, made in 1840, with a picture of Queen Victoria on it. Do you know how the back of a stamp is sticky？The stamps didn't have sticky backs. In the past, people used paste（浆糊）sometimes. But they had to pin（钉住）or sew（缝）stamps onto letters！Years ago, sending letters used to be the most important way to with other people. It seemed that everyone had stamps on hand. Although now fewer people send letters, stamp collecting is still one of the world's most popular . There are even stamp clubs to help people find new stamps to to their collections. Interestingly enough, the internet may have reduced（减少）the need for stamps, but it is actually offering new ways for collectors to find more stamps.

阅读理解

Many years ago in 1971, the US table tennis team was at the World Championship in Japan. The team from China was also there. This championship took place during the days of Cold War, so the American and the Chinese players didn't even talk to each other.

Glen Cowan, form the US team, didn't like this situation. One day, he saw a Chinese player and invited him to play. They played together for 15 minutes, and Cowan missed the US bus back to the hotel.

Then, something surprising happened. One of the Chinese players waved to Cowan from the Chinese bus. He thought for a moment and then he got on the bus. But the Chinese players didn't talk to him. Suddenly, Zhuang Zedong, three times world champion, came up to Cowan. "What are you doing?" said the other Chinese players. "Don't talk to him! Don't make trouble!" Zedong gave Cowan a silk scarf. "I give you this to show the friendship of the Chinese people to the American people," he said through a translator. Cowan wanted to give something back, but he didn't have anything with him.

Then the bus arrived at the hotel. There were lots of reporters — it was big news to see an American and a Chinese player together. Later, Cowan bought a T-shirt with a peace flag on it, and he gave it to Zedong. The two men became friends.

In the same year, the US team got an invitation to visit China, and in February 1972, US President Richard Nixon went to China on a historic visit. Mary people say that the two men and their friendship made a better relationship between their countries possible.