社会历史类 知识点题库

   Dinner customs are different around the world. If you are a guest in Ghana( 加纳), this information will help you a lot.
   In Ghana, dinner is usually from four in the afternoon to six in the evening. But there are no strict rules about time. Whenever a guest arrives, a family offers food. When you go to a home, the person who receives guests takes you to the living room first. At this time everyone welcomes you. Then you go to the dinning room. There you wash your hands in a bowl of water. All the food is on the table.
   In Ghana you usually eat with your fingers. You eat from the same dish as everyone else .But you eat from one side of the dish only. It is not polite to get food from the other side of the dish. After dinner, you wash your hands again in a bowl of water.
   Most meals in Ghana have a dish called fufu. People in Ghana make fufu from the powder(粉末) of some plants. Sometimes they cut the fufu with a saw(锯子) because it is very hard. You must chew(咀嚼) fufu well, or you may get sick. You eat fufu with the fingers of your right hand only.

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    When you are about to do something brave, a cheerful wish of "Good luck!" from a friend can be helpful. But if you think you need lots of luck, what else might you do?

    In the UK and US there are some strange traditions for bringing yourself a little more good luck. Some are hundreds of years old and some are much newer.

    Have you heard the saying "When you wish upon a star"? If you are looking up at the sky on a clear night and you see a sudden flash of light, it is probably a shooting star! Seeing one doesn't happen very often. The saying goes that you have been very lucky if you see one, and so if you make a wish, it will come true.

    Maybe you have heard of the lucky  rabbit's foot. Some people believe that rabbits are lucky animals, so they carry a part of the rabbit, its foot, for good luck. There are all kinds of strange, unclear rules about which of the rabbit's feet is the luckiest. It is said that this good luck tradition is the oldest one of all. However, as the funny saying goes, "Depend on the rabbit's foot if you will, but remember it didn't work for the rabbit!"

    People in Britain love trees. If it is autumn and leaves are falling from the trees, some people try to catch the leaves as they fall because they think each leaf they catch will bring them a lucky month in the following year—they will need to catch 12 falling leaves to have a whole of good luck!

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C

    Pliny the Elder (老普林尼) wrote the first encyclopaedia with the help of his nephew. This work was made up of 37 books and had many subjects such as anthropology(人类学) and painting. Through the following few centuries, encyclopaedias were connected to religion (宗教). The first Christian edition appeared in 560 AD, and the first Muslim volume came to light soon after.

    One of the longest encyclopaedias ever was produced in 1403 when The Yongle Encyclopaedia《永乐大典》appeared in China. It had 11,095 volumes. Most of the original work has been lost .through the centuries, and people can see less than 400 volumes today. The word "encyclopaedia" coming from Greek means "a general knowledge". It has been .in use for at least 500 years.

    In the 20th century, the Encyclopaedia Britannica became the most well known western work of this type. At the same time, topical encyclopaedias became the most popular, covering different topics. At the end of the century, many publishers began to publish them in digital formats such as Compact Discs (CDs) and Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs).

阅读下面短文，根据短文内容完成下面表格中的有关信息。   

    Which is the best city in Europe? Each city has its own special features. It depends on what a person likes and dislikes. Now let's see the three most popular cities in Europe.

London, the United Kingdom

    If you like ale（麦芽酒）, or you are interested in history, you will like this city. The best time to visit London is from May to October. You can visit the British Museum, the Tate Modern and Westminster Palace.

Amsterdam, Holland

    People who like art will like this city. And it is also a great place to go bike riding. In April or May you can see many beautiful tulips（郁金香）there. July and August are the best two months to visit. The Royal Palace and the Van Gogh Museum are great places to see.

Paris, France

    Tourists who love art or traditional food will like this city. Spring is the best time to visit. Summer is also a good time. The Louvre, The Eiffel Tower and the Montparnasse are the greatest places to visit.

The three most popular cities in Europe
London	People who love ale or will like this city. The best time to visit it is
Amsterdam	It is a great city for people who like art and who want to . If you visit the city in April or May, you can see .
Paris	If you like art or traditional food, you will like to visit this place. is the best time to visit.

根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。

    Marco Polo was from Venice, Italy. In 1271, at age 17, Marco went on a trip with his father and uncle to China. Today people often travel to different places around the world. But it was very hard for people from Europe to visit China then. After three and a half years, the Polos reached China on 1275.

    While he was there, Marco Polo worked  for Kublai Khan, the emperor（皇帝）of China. He was able to learn and experience many things that were new to Europeans. In his diary, he wrote, “Kublai Khan's palace is the greatest I've ever seen. The streets of the new capital. Daidu, are so straight and so wide.” Paper money also took him by surprise, since it was not yet in use in the West at that time. Homes were heated with “black stones... which burn like wood.” These stones were coal, and most of the Europeans knew little about it then.

    After 17 years in China, Marco and his family finally returned to Venice in 1292. After he returned home, Marco completed a book about his trip, full of facts about his wonderful experiences in China.

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    Chinese food in Britain has over 100 years of history. Since then, they've been springing up around the country. Today, Chinese food is one of the top choices for hungry Englishmen.

    But since coming to China, I've found some differences. Much of the Chinese food in Britain is influenced by western tastes. For example, dishes are not hot and had fewer kinds. It's difficult to find the hot food of Yunnan food in Britain. The most popular Chinese dishes in Britain are chou mein, egg-fried rice and spring rolls. Also, meat dishes are always sweet and sour.

    The Chinese food in Britain not only gives a different taste. In most Chinese restaurants, food is served as a buffet(自助的). And once you sit down in a Chinese restaurant, don't hope to rotate(旋转) the dishes around a big round table to share. This kind of table in English is called a Lazy Susan because it's convenient to move dishes around. But in Britain they are very uncommon.

    At the end of the meal, don't forget your lucky cookie! In most Chinese restaurants, you'll be given a cake that you break a half. Inside is a small piece of paper with your lucky words written on it. Although you can hardly find lucky cakes in China, no Chinese meal in Britain is complete without reading these letters of good luck.

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Children's Games in Ancient China

    During ancient times, children didn't have much to enjoy themselves. However, they came up with interesting games to play in their childhood.

Kicking stone balls

    During the Qing Dynasty, kicking a stone ball around was a popular game in the northern part of
    China, and it was often played in winter to keep warm.

Playing hide and-seek

    Hide-and-seek is a traditional game for children, popular around the nation. There are two ways to play: covering a child's eyes while other kids run around to tease (戏弄) him or, more commonly, others hide and one child must try to find them.

    Flying kites

    Kites have quite a long history. The earliest kites were made of wood, instead of paper. The three most famous kites are the Beijing kite, Tianjin kite and Weifang kite. Each has its own feature. For example, the bird-shaped kite with long wings is a special kind of the Beijing kite.

Watching shadow plays (皮影戏)

    The closest thing to watching a film during ancient times was going to see a shadow play. The artists control puppets (木偶) behind the screen and tell stories to the music.

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    Everybody knows the story of Titanic and the iceberg hit it on the night of April 14, 1912. However, there are some things that are still unknown to the public eye. If you want to find out a little bit more about the mysteries (神秘) of this huge ship, please read the following contents.

The ultimate (极限的) ship of dreams

    When it first set sail, the Royal Mail Steamer Titanic was the largest moving object created by man and a true wonder of engineering. It was built in Northern Ireland and about 15,000 people worked on it. The costs were huge for that time: 7.5 million dollars. Its length was that of three football fields and it was as high as a 17-story building.

Heartbreaking stories

    The story of the elderly couple(夫妇) who hugged each other in the face of death is partially true. Is idor and Ida Straus were the owners of Macy's. She refused to leave her husband behind and gave her spot to another passenger. They shared the same destiny(命运) and died holding hands on the deck of the ship.

    The musicians on board of the Titanic did play for two hours and a half while the ship sunk(下沉). However, the song they played wasn't Nearer my God to Thee, but Songe d' Automne.

    The end 1,517 people lost their lives when Titanic sunk. Its wreckage(残骸) was discovered 75 years ago. Millvina Dean was the last Titanic survivor. When the ship hit the iceberg and sunk she was 9 weeks old. Millvina died in the year 2009, at the age of 97.

根据短文内容，判断下列句子正、误。

    Hong Kong is made up of three parts. Kowloon Peninsula(九龙半岛), New Territories(新界), and Hong Kong Island.

    If you wanted to get there from the mainland, you used to have to go on a ferry or through a tunnel under the sea. Much of Hong Kong is farmland and mountains. The urban districts occupy (占据)only about 10 % of the area.

    The population of Hong Kong is over six million. 98 % of them are Chinese. Its official languages are Chinese and English, as it was a British colony (殖民地) from 1841. The currency (货币) is called the Hong Kong dollar It's famous for its shopping. You can buy all kinds of things there.

阅读短文，判断正误。

    People send birthday greetings by using cards in both eastern and western countries. It is not known when and where exactly the tradition of sending birthday cards began. It is believed that it began in England in the early nineteenth century. In those days people sent birthday cards when they couldn't wish somebody a happy birthday in person.

    In 1840 the first stamp was used in Britain and sending birthday cards became easier, cheaper and more popular. The development of color printing processes (工艺流程) in the 1930s also helped to increase sales of birthday cards.

    Today cards are often given with a present, even when people can express their wishes face to face. In recent times e-cards have also become popular. Many people are starting to use e-cards instead of traditional cards because they are free, environmentally friendly and easy to arrive. So will e-cards take place of paper cards completely in ten or twenty years? Probably not. For example, for kids and old people, they don't use e-cads very often.

    If our birthday is coming soon, do you wish that at least one person could congratulate you with a beautiful card then?

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    Man always wanted to fly in the sky. They watched birds flying and wished they could fly, too. Man made wings and tied (绑) them on their bodies to help them fly. But they failed again and again. Man knew how to make kites. The y made different kinds of kites and tried to fly with the help of them. But unluckily, many of them were badly hurt. So they had to stop trying to fly with wings.

    In 1783, two Frenchmen found hot air was lighter than cold air. They then built a balloon. They filled it with hot air and it went up into the air. The next year a big hot­air balloon carried 7 persons to a height of 900 metres.

    Later, airships (飞艇) were made in the world. It could fly up into the sky with the help of hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas caught fire very easily. At last people stopped making airships.

    Now, people can travel to different places by plane. It's very convenient and fast. Rockets are also known all over the world. Rockets can help people travel in space. The dream of flying to space has become true.

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1980 Shenzhen Special Economic Zone 设立深圳经济特区 Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, one of China's first special economic zones, is established in 1980. The move allows Shenzhen to enjoy more market-oriented and flexible economic policies.	1997 Hong Kong's return to China 香港回归 In 1997, Hong Kong returns to China. Since then, "one country, two systems," "Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy have been effectively implemented.	1999 Macao's return to china 澳门回归 In 1999, Macao returns to the motherland from the control of Portugal. Under the" one country, two systems" policy, Macao enjoys a high degree of autonomy.
1978 Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist party of China 十一届三中全会召开 In 1978 the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Committee party of China decides to implement reform and up to the outside world. The Focus of the whole party shifts to economic policies.		1992 Deng Xiaoping's speeches during his southern tour 南方谈话 From January 18 to February 21, 1992, Deng Xiaoping tours southern cities including Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shanghai and delivers a series of important speeches on reform and opening—up.
2018 Hong Kong—Zhuhai—Macao Bridge 港珠澳大桥通车 Hong Kong-Zhuhai- Macao Bridge. The world's longest cross-sea bridge opens to traffic in October. 2018. As the first road link to span the Pearl River Estuary, the bridge will improve the development of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.	2017 Fuxing bullet trains 复兴号投入运营 China's first self- developed bullet train "Fuxing" is launched in June 2017. Its core technologies, including its power supply, operation management and security monitoring, are all homegrown.	2008 First spacewalk 完成首次太空行走 On Sept 27, 2008, astronaut Zhai Zhigang accomplishes the first space walk, making China the third country to independently master the key technologies for doing spacewalks.

根据短文内容判断正误

    Thang-ga (唐卡) is a special kind of painting. It was found only in Tibet, China. It started from the Tang dynasty(唐代). Thang-ga paintings show Tibetan People's lives. In recent years, Thang- ga paintings have caught the public's attention. At the same time, the Chinese government has also tried hard to protect the art.

    The colors of Thang-ga paintings look wonderful and special. Because of the special environment of Tibet and the excellent skills of artists, the paints (颜料) used in Thang-ga paintings are different from other paints. They were made from minerals like gold and silver, as well as some plants. The paints were made by hand and the beautiful colors last for hundreds of years.

    However, with the development of technology, people now use cheaper and easily-made chemicals to make Thang-ga paints. The traditional paints used in Thang-ga paintings took a lot of work and they were made in many secret ways. Later people stopped making the paints and forgot about them. So the skills needed to make them were aImost lost. The traditional Thang-ga paintings are difficult to find now.

根据短文内容选择最佳答案。

    Paper is one of the most important products ever invented by man.  The invention of paper meant that more people could be educated because more books could be printed. Paper provided an important way to communicate with knowledge.

    Paper was first made in China about 2,000 years ago. In Egypt and the West, paper was not very commonly used before the year 1400. Paper was not made in southern Europe until about the year 1100. After that, the forestry countries of Canada, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the United States became the most important in paper-making. Today Finland makes the best paper in the world. And it has the biggest paper industry in the world.

    When we think of paper, we think of newspapers, books, letters, envelopes, and writing paper.  So paper plays an important role in our lives.

    Paper is very good for keeping you warm.  Houses are often insulated (隔热) with paper. You have perhaps seen homeless men sleep on a large number of newspapers. They are insulating themselves from the cold. In Finland, in winter it is sometimes 40 degrees below zero. The farmers wear paper boots in the snow. Nothing could be warmer.

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    Before there were airplanes, people dreamed of flying. They told stories about flying people. One old story is about a young man named Icarus. He and his father wanted to get away from a bad king. So Icarus' father made wings, and they used them to fly away. Years ago, people also tried to make flying machines. Most of them did not work. But today, flying is not just a dream. Today, big airlines carry many passengers. But some people enjoy flying in small planes. In 2014, a young man flew around the world. His name is Matt Guthmiller. He was only 19 years old, but he flew by himself. His trip took six weeks. He stopped 25 times in 14 countries. He is the youngest person to fly around the world.

    Many people now dream of flying into space. And their dreams may soon come true. Many companies are building space planes. They will take people on short flights to space. Space tourism will be expensive at first. But over time, it should become much cheaper. Then more people's dreams of flying will come true.

阅读短文及文后A~E选项，选出可以填入各题空白处的最佳选项。

    Long ago, people did not need money.

    As time passed, people learned to raise animals and crops. Sometimes, families produced more than they needed, so they started to trade (交易) with other families. Later, people began to use money as a means of exchange. They used shells, rice, salt, large stones, etc.

    During the 600s BC, people began using coins as money. They soon found that coins were easier to carry than goods (货物) and lasted a long time.

    The Chinese were the first to use paper money, probably as early as the eleventh century. The Italian traveller Marco Polo saw the Chinese using paper money when he visited China in the 1200s.

    Today, we have many ways to pay for things. Often, people prefer to pay for things by card. Paying with a card is easier and safer than carrying around a lot of "real" money.

A. Later, countries began to make their own coins. B. However, it was not the kind of money we use today. C. They lived on wild animals, fruits and other plants. D. However, European countries did not start using paper money until the 1600s. E. We do not use only coins or paper money.

请阅读下面这篇文章，根据所提供的信息，回答后面的问题。

Twentieth Century Inventions

1903-The first flight succeeded   In 1900, Wilbur Wright said flight was possible for man. After much work, he and his brother Orville Wright made this dream come true. On December 17, 1903, the brothers made the first successful airplane flight on a windy beach at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The brothers' plane flew 120 feet. Although the flight lasted only 12 seconds, it moved the course of history in a new direction.

1935-Nylon was invented   In 1928, a new chemical lab was opened to make a kind of man-made materials. Wallace Carothers took part in the team when he was 32 years old. In 1934, he made fibers(纤维), but the fibers were quite weak. He didn't give up. After many experiments, he produced the fibers "nylon". Carothers was very satisfied with his work. Nylon hit the markets in 1939, and quickly became a replacement of silk. But it was a pity that he didn't see the wide use of his invention. He died in April, 1937.

1968-The computer mouse was first shown in public.  As a graduate student, Douglas Engelbart began to imagine ways in which all sorts of information could be on screens. In 1964, Douglas Engelbart made the first computer mouse. The computer mouse had a wooden shell with two metal wheels. In 1968, the first computer mouse appeared in public. It was named "mouse" because a tail came out at the end. In later years, the computer mouse became more and more important. Douglas Engelbart changed the way that computers worked. Now computer mice are becoming increasingly useful. And there are many different shapes of computer mice in the world.

阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从各小题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。

    The May Fourth Movement took place after World War I. China1the Paris Peace Meeting. However, China's reasonable requires were2at the meeting. This made students in Beijing very3. On May 4, 1919, many students gathered4Tiananmen Square. They stopped attending5to protest against the government's weak response to the meeting. Students and working people in other cities also6the movement later. The movement greatly influenced the7of modern Chinese culture. It also showed the strong spirit of Chinese people to defend their8. This year marks the 100th anniversary of the May Fourth Movement. We Chinese young people9carry forward the spirit of the movement and make brave changes like the youth in the movement. Different activities10all over the country on this day, such as social practices, ceremonies for the youth and volunteer activities.

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Have you ever got caught in a traffic jam on the road? How about a traffic jam in one of the world's busiest canals(运河)?

According to the managers of the ship named Ever Given, the accident happened because of strong winds during a sandstorm. Ever Given is a huge 220.000-on ship- 400 meters long and 59 meters wide. The ship got caught in the canal's most narrow area, which is about 205 to 225 meters wide.

By the end of last month, Ever Given had been caught in the Suez Canal for six days. It kept at least 422 ships waiting and cost 400 million dollars per hour, making it the world's most expensive traffic jam ever. The accident made more people understand how important the Suez Canal is.

Connecting the Mediterranean Sea(地中海) with the Red Sea, the Suez Canal is a main waterway for world trade. It allows ships to travel between Europe and South Asia without going around Africa, which makes the sea journey about 7,000 kilometers shorter.

Now, around 10% of the world trade passes through the canal. About 1.9 million barrels (桶) of oil go through the canal every day--that's about 7% of the world's oil. Things like machines and car parts are carried by the ships. Daily goods like furniture, clothing, toilet paper and coffee go through it as well. You can imagine what may happen if the canal stops working for a long time.

That's why the accident shocked the world. Experts from different countries flied to the Suez Canal to solve the problem. A large number of big boats were sent to pull and push the ship Ever Given, but it was no use. After six days of hard work, the ship was at last freed by moving away the sand under it. "The rising tide(潮水) really helped a lot." an official said.

Mohab Mamish, Egypt's President adviser for the Suez Canal projects said "The canal is now completely open for traffic, as the ship has moved." adding that they will increase the number of the working hours to move the other ships quickly.

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的A、B、C和D项中选出最佳选项。

China has become stronger and stronger in recent years. Many foreigners can't believe that China has developed so fast and feel 1. They see high-speed trains, Alipay, shared bikes and online shopping as the 2 Four Great Inventions of China. Some of them 3 the influences(影响) of the new inventions. The following is what they said.

Justin: I'm from Romania. The high-speed trains are very 4, convenient and tidy. It takes me only about five hours from Beijing to Shanghai by train. It 5 a lot of time.

Yala: I'm from Nepal. Bicycle-sharing system allows people to get a bike from point "A" and 6 it at point "B". It's convenient, and it's also a low-carbon(低碳的) and healthy way of life. I like it very much.

Arcbana: My life in Beijing is quite different from that in India. Here in China, I 7take notes(纸币) with me when I go out. I can pay with Alipay most of the time. It's amazing. However, in India, if you don't take 8 with you, you'll be in trouble.

Bond: I find many 9 between China and Thailand. We don't have Taobao or other online shopping apps in Thailand. With these apps, I can 10 easily without stepping out of the doors in China.