Atlantis, a beautiful and wealthy island, is supposed to have existed over 11, 000 years ago. It was in the middle of the vast Atlantic Ocean, and was a centre for trade. Its people were very wealthy and powerful. The rulers of Atlantis controlled their people and land, and their power spread to Europe and Africa.
The weather was very good in Atlantis, and therefore people could grow food all year around. Many different kinds of vegetables, fruits and nuts grew there, and a lot of different animals lived on the island, including elephants.
Atlantis was the home of Poseidon, the Greek God of the Sea. Poseidon had five sets of twin boys, who became the first rulers of Atlantis. The island’s many hills, fields and rivers were divided between the ten brothers. The eldest son, Atlas, was the first king of Atlantis. He controlled the island’s central hill and its surrounding area.
At the top of the central hill, a temple was built in honor of Atlas’s father, Poseidon. Inside the temple was a huge gold statue of Poseidon. The rulers of Atlantis discussed laws in the temple.
For centuries the people of Atlantis lived simple, honest and happy lives. However, over time they began to change. They enjoyed the power they had and desired more of it. When the God Zeus saw how corrupt (腐败) the people of Atlantis were, he was very angry and gathered the other gods together to decide on a punishment for them. The gods agreed with Zeus and decided to sink the island. In one short day and a half, the island of Atlantis, its people and its memory―a whole civilization―were destroyed forever, swallowed up by the sea.
Atlantis: The (71) ▲ Island
| Brief (72) ▲ of the island | ● It is a beautiful and wealthy island. ● It is supposed to have existed over 11,000 years ago. ● (73) ▲ in the middle of the Atlantic ocean,it became a center for trade. ● The rulers of it got its people and land (74) ▲ control. |
| Weather on the island | ● It had very good weather. ● It was suitable to grow food (75) ▲ the year. ● It was rich in fruits, vegetables and animals, elephants (76) ▲ . |
| Stories about the island | ● It was the home of Poseidon, the Greek God of the Sea. ● Poseidon’s five sets of sons became the first rulers of Atlantis. ● The ten brothers divided its hills, fields and rivers between themselves. ● The eldest son, Atlas was the first to (77) ▲ the island. ● A temple was built on the top of the central hill in honor of Poseidon. |
| (78) ▲ for the sinking of the island | ● People’s (79) ▲ to enjoy more power made them corruptive. ● Zeus gathered the other Gods to decide to (80) ▲ them, by sinking the island, which was swallowed up by the sea in one and a half days. |
假设你是国外某中学学生李华。近期,你校发起一项为艾滋儿童募捐的活动。请你为此项活动写一份倡议书,内容包括:
1、 介绍艾滋病儿童现状;
2、 发起倡议;
3、 活动的意义。
注意:1、词数80左右,
2、可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3、开头和结尾已为你写好
Boys and girls,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours Sincerely,
Li Hua
The price of electricity is on an upward trend, so ______ your electric car will somehow burn a big hole in your pocket.
A. purchasing B. charging C. mending D. handling
Your car is a necessary part of your life. You use it every day. Of course, you want to hold on to it so you make sure it has the latest alarm and immobilizer. But despite all these, cars like yours are still stolen every day. In fact, in this country, one car is stolen almost every minute! And if your car is stolen, you only have a 50:50 chance of seeing it again.
Each year, car crime costs nearly £3 billion. Of course, if you’re insured, you won’t lose out, or will you? Firstly, you will have to pay extra insurance later on, and then you may not be offered the full amount by the agent. You will probably have to hire a car and you will also lose the value of the contents and accessories (配件) in the car.
Now comes the solution. An RAC Trackstar system, hidden in one of 47 possible secret locations in your car, is the key of our system. If your car is stolen, radio signals are sent at twenty-second intervals from the car to the RAC Trackstar National Control Center via a satellite network. Then a computer gives the vehicle’s exact location, speed and direction.
The RAC Trackstar National Control Center, which operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, will immediately inform the police in the area where the car is located. Because the police receive information every twenty seconds, they will always know the vehicle’s location. Once the thief has been arrested, your car will be returned to you.
RAC Trackstar is unique in being able to provide the National Control Center with details of the exact location of your car, its speed and direction. And speed is the key to successful recovery of a stolen vehicle. RAC Trackstar Control will immediately tell the police if you report your car stolen and under the 24-hour Guardian Option. It will also tell you if your car has been stolen. RAC Trackstar’s constant updates mean the police are kept informed of the car’s location. All these greatly improve your chances of seeing your car again.
28. If your car is stolen, you will have to ______.
A. pay more insurance B. hire a new car
C. buy a RAC Trackstar system D. inform the National Control Center
29. The Trackstar system can tell the police ______.
A. how the car is stolen B. who the thief is
C. where the car is D. what brand the car is
30. The underlined word “It” in the last paragraph refers to ______.
A. the local police station B. the RAC Trackstar Control
C. the Guardian Option D. the insurance company
31. According to the passage, people with RAC Trackstar ______.
A. automatically find directions B. seldom get their vehicles damaged
C. are more likely to get the stolen cars back D. have less chance of being in an accident
Arriving in New York
There are three airports in New York .When you arrive at one of them ,you can take a bus or a taxi to any place in New York .
Eating out
There are many kinds of food in New York , and you shouldn’t eat at McDonald’s every day. There are good restaurants in Little Italy and Chinatown , for example.
Hotels
There are lots of good hotels in New York .The best is the plaza on 5th avenue but you don't have to pay a lot to stay in the city ;there are lots of smaller hotels and the YMCA near central park is great for young people .
Public transport
In New York , there’re good bus and subway services . If you are planning to use the subway a lot , you should buy a subway ticket for the journey because it’s cheaper . But you don’t have to use the public transport—there are lots of places you can go to on foot, such as the Empire State Building , the 5th Avenue and the Central Park . The new taxis are a part of the city experience, so you should take at least one taxi during your visit!
Places to see
Finally ,there are a lot of places to see in New York ---Time square ,the statue of Liberty .And you shouldn't go home without climbing the statue of Liberty to enjoy the scenery of the city .
shopping
Shopping in New York is fun .There are big shops on 5th avenue .They are open seven days a week .But be careful when you look at the prices ;you have to pay a special 8% tax on everything you buy in New York .
1.How many airports are there in New York ?
A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five
2.How much do you have to pay if you buy a book of $10 in New York ?
A.$10.8 B.$10.08 C.$18 D.$10
3.When you visit New York ,you should _____.
A.do as much shopping as possible B.take a taxi whenever you go out
C.stay at the best hotel---the Plaza D.try Italian and Chinese food
4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.You should take a bus to travel because it’s much cheaper.
B.New York is not a good place for shopping , for things there are expensive.
C.People can visit many places of interest in New York on foot.
D.You are not allowed to go home without climbing the Statue of Liberty.
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(^), 并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词; 2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Dear Sir or Madam,
I’ve learned from the newspaper that your company is looking for a receptionist. I’m very interesting in the job and I’d like to apply to the position.
First of all, allow me to introduce myself. I had just graduated from senior high school and taken the College Entrance Examination. I want to find out a part-time job in the summer. I’m 18 years old and have good knowledge of English, especial in terms of speaking and listening. In fact, I won the first prize in the English speech competition hold in our school last year. Besides, I’m quite easy-going but therefore very popular among my classmate.
I sincerely hope you can give us a chance. I’m looking forward to your early reply.
Yours sincerely
Li Hua
John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter ______ him it.
A. offered B. offering C. to offer D. to be offered
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2.只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Dear Tom,
I’m glad to hear that you are considering make up with Peter. If I am you, I would consider a bike as a birthday present for him.
As far as I know it, Peter is always in poor health so he can take more exercises by riding a bike to build up his body. In the meanwhile, you can often go outing by bike together, which is helpfully in rebuilding your friendship. Beside, taking a bike is an environmentally-friendly means of transport. It’s convenient him to get around as well.
Apart from giving him the gift, you can also adopt other means, such as traveling, seeing a movie, having dinner and going shopping. No matter how you do, being sincere was the most important. I really hope that you can be good friends forever.
Best wishes!
Li Hua
My husband and I were paying a visit 61 my parents in Tucson. We went to a fast-food restaurant for dinner together. My husband went to the counter 62__ (order) dishes and I stood with my parents.
My dad is 90 years old. He can hardly see very well and walks with a stick. I was scanning the restaurant, 63 (wait) to sit at the first table that was 64__ (convenient) than others. A woman who was sitting with her son made eye contact with me and asked me to come to her. With a 65 (puzzle) look on my face, I pointed to myself and said , “Me ?” She 66 (nod) and said, “Yes, you.” I walked to the table and she said, “Bring your family here. I can finish eating at the counter. My son is in 67 hurry to leave anyway.” My eyes 68 (fill) with tears as she wiped down the table and guided my dad to the seat.
I always believe that there are 69 (nature) kind people in this world. This woman has set a good example to her son, 70 is a really lucky guy.
For those with disabilities,sometimes things most of us take for granted can be very difficult. 61 (fortunate),some companies are trying to make life much 62 (easy),like Nike with its easy-entry sneaker line,Flyease.Instead of traditional shoes,the Flyease has 63 zipper that goes around the back of the shoe so you can zip the shoe open 64 one hand to more easily get a foot in or out.
The shoe has been in development for some time under Nike designer T
obie Hatfield.But it was a letter from teenager Matthew Walzer to Nike CEO Mark Parker in 2012 that really inspired the team 65 (design) the product and bring the Flyease to market.
When he 66 (write)the letter,Walzer was in high school doing 67 many teenagers of his age were doing—thinking about going to college.The difference for Walzer was that he has cerebral palsy(大脑性麻痹症), 68 made it impossible for him to tie his shoes on his own.His dream was to go to the college of his 69 (choose) without worrying about how to tie his shoes every day.Now at Florida Gulf Coast University,Walzer gets around campus in his new Flyease shoes, 70 (1ook) pretty happy about it.
Grandparents Answer a Call
As a third-generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.
No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents. Com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson ’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.
“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough for fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand , a magazine for grandparents.“We now realize how important family is and how important it is”to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.”
Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.
32. Why was Garza’s move a success?
A. It strengthened her family ties.
B. It improved her living conditions.
C. It enabled her to make more friends.
D. It helped her know more new places.
33. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?
A. 17% expressed their support for it.
B. Few people responded sympathetically.
C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.
D. The majority thought it was a trend.
34. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?
A. They were unsure of themselves.
B. They were eager to raise more children.
C. They wanted to live away from their parents.
D. They had little respect for their grandparents.
35. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?
A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.
B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.
C. Sacrifice for their struggling children .
D. Get to know themselves better.
The truth was written all over her face. The eyes are the window to the soul. From those sayings, you would think that we could read faces. In fact, people tend to overestimate their ability to do it.
Most of us can’t distinguish between certain expressions without contextual clues. In one study, participants were unable to tell whether faces in photos were showing pain or pleasure about a quarter of the time. In another, when people watched silent videos of the same person experiencing pain and faking pain, they couldn’t tell which was which.
And yet, as bad as we are at reading expressions, we jump to all kinds of conclusions based on people’s faces. We might scoff at the ancient physiognomy—assessing character on the basis of facial feature—but we unknowingly practice it daily. Recent research shows that while there’s practically no evidence that faces reveal character, we nonetheless behave as if certain features signal certain traits. People with typically “female” facial features seem more trustworthy; those with lower eyebrows appear more controlling. In another study, people were ready to decide whether an unfamiliar face should be trusted after looking at it for just 200 milliseconds. Even when given a chance to look longer, they rarely changed their mind.
Such judgments can defy logic. Subjects playing a trust game invested more money with a player who had a trustworthy face than with one who didn’t—even when the two players had the same fame. Another study reported that judges needed less evidence to sentence a person with an untrustworthy face. And a researcher focusing on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict found that a Palestinian peace offering was more likely to be accepted by Jewish Israeli if it was attributed to a politician with “babyfacedness”.
Which brings us to a contradiction. A person’s face may not reflect her nature, and yet research finds that specific facial features do seem to influence futures. U.S. Army War College graduates with controlling-looking faces are more likely than their peers to become generals; people with obvious cheekbones, appearing strong and competent, are more likely to become CEOs of successful companies. This makes a certain sense. If everyone assumes strong-chinned Daniel is an ambitious person, he’s more likely to become one. Perhaps by treating others as though their face reveals their character, we motivate them to become the people we assume them to be.
63. Miss Green wants to find a pet shop for her dog while she is on holiday. She is most likely to choose the shop’s owner with ________.
A. a strong chin B. “female” facial features
C. low eyebrows D. obvious cheekbones
64. Which of the following is TRUE according to the author?
A. People rush to judgments based on facial features.
B. People are better at telling “pain” than “delight” from faces.
C. People consider it instructive to study the ancient physiognomy.
D. People would change their first impression if given more chances.
65. In Paragraph 4, the examples are used to show ________.
A. facial features reveal minds
B. trust is essential in big issues
C. baby faces are more trustworthy
D. decisions are easily influenced by faces
66. According to the last paragraph, the author believes ________.
A. facial features mirror character
B. people’s behavior is contradictory
C. people won’t be judged by appearance
D. facial features can influence eventual character
.
You will never gain success________you are fully devoted to your work.
A. when B. because C. after D. unless
—Why was Professor Johnson unhappy those days?
—Can't you see it clearly? The only reason was that the theory he stuck to_____ wrong.
A.proving B.being proved
C.proved D.was proved
阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D),选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My sister, Cathy, who lives in Vancouver, sent me a package full of Christmas gifts. She told me that she had 36 it in advance to make sure it would arrive at my house weeks before the 37 . Christmas was drawing near, but no package arrived. Cathy checked the tracking number every 38 with Canada Post, and every evening she would call me to 39 if there was any sign of it on our end.
The 40 always started with questions about the package, but twenty minutes later we would still be 41 . We talked about our family, such as parents, our kids, 42 and so on. Of course we also talked about our jobs. We had never made so much 43 for each other! The talk always took us back to the hours we spend together in our childhood.
By Christmas Eve we finally had to 44 the fact that the package was 45 lost. On Christmas morning, Cathy got on the phone with everyone in my 46 and told them what she had sent. Later on, after a big Christmas dinner, I had forgotten all about the 47 package when there was a knock on the door. Who could it be at such a time? As I 48 the door, a man was standing there. “I 49 this is yours.” he said, holding a package. Just then I 50 that it had been delivered to the wrong address. “I just got home from vacation,” he explained, “ 51 I wanted you to have this in time to open for Christmas.” I thanked this 52 stranger for taking so much trouble to 53 this gift to us on Christmas Day, and 54 thanked God that the package had been lost in the first place.
The real gift that holiday season was the new 55 to my sister who lives far away from us. Now there’s one gift I never want to give back!
36. A. booked B. decorated C. mailed D. listed
37. A. appointment B. holiday C. deadline D. party
38. A. year B. month C. week D. morning
39. A. find out B. take out C. figure out D. pick out
40. A. complaint B. discussion C. conversation D. quarrel
41. A. kidding B. arguing C. chatting D. scolding
42. A. gifts B. husband C. secrets D. clothing
43. A. food B. money C .achievement D. time
44. A. accept B. ignore C. consider D. study
45. A. entirely B. suddenly C. mostly D. simply
46. A. restaurant B. house C. office D. class
47. A. terrible B. missing C. big D. outstanding
48. A. opened B. locked C. left D. watched
49 .A. understand B. forget C. know D. believe
50. A. expected B. dreamed C. realized D. remembered
51. A. because B. but C. or D. so
52. A. generous B. honest C. polite D. kind
53. A. show B. present C. return D. offer
54. A. silently B. carefully C. gently D. actually
55. A. connection B. guide C. recognition D. closeness
America’s love of cars and being on the open road has led to the creation of the modern travel or camping trailer (露营旅行车). Some trailers are so well equipped that people can comfortably live in them full time.
Almost all campers (露营车) are considered as recreational vehicles (RV’s). RV’s include motor homes, trailers, house trailers and truck campers. The smaller trailers usually have just enough room for two people to sleep and store a few personal travel items. Some of the larger motor homes include a kitchen, a bathroom, an eating area and even a bedroom.
While tent camping is always an adventure, campers are a fun way to take a long trip, or to spend some more comfortable time in a beautiful setting, like a lakeside campground. So many camper trailers have been designed for people to live in the trailer long term. Some people choose to park their trailers in trailer parks and live in their trailers full time. In America many retired adults choose to spend their time traveling across the country on the open road and bring their trailers with them. Full time use of trailers for these travelers is considered to be a recreational (休闲的) activity.
Camper trailers can also be rented and used for a shorter period of time, such as a camping trip or a road trip. A camper trailer can be a comfortable alternative to sleeping in a tent if you are camping. If you like traveling at your own pace, a camper trailer is a good choice.
4.What can we know about camper trailers?
A. They are suitable for both long and short trips.
B. They have to be parked in a trailer park.
C. They are widely used by young people.
D. They are becoming more and more popular all over the world.
5.What does the underlined word “alternative” mean?
A. Impression. B. Decision. C. Solution. D. Replacement.
6.What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the text?
A. To introduce the camper trailer.
B. To explain how to use a camper trailer.
C. To encourage people to use camper trailers.
D. To show the popularity of camper trailers.
7.We can learn from the text that smaller trailers ______.
A. usually use less petrol
B. are easier to drive
C. usually have room for no more than two people
D. run faster than bigger ones
阅读下面短文,从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A,B,C,D)中,选出可以填人空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
For lots of people,the holidays are about helping the less fortunate. 36 than buying present for each other,a group of friends in a Vermont snowboard(单板滑雪)group like to go to their 37 homeless shelter and give them a day to 38 .They begin preparing at the 39 of the snow season by asking people who come to the mountain to 40 old winter clothing like jackets,boots,gloves,and hats. Then the group 41 the shelter to distribute(分发)the things. Says Jay,18,one of the 42 ,“We tell them,‘Now you guys are coming with us and we’re going to teach you how to 43 or snowboard all day for free.’It’s awesome(极好的)to know that we are able to take their minds 44 the stress in their lives for one day.”
For this group,working together to help the homeless makes heir relation 45 .They feel like a part of each other’s lives in a 46 way.
It may sound no wonder until you try it,but doing something for charity(慈善)can really help you 47 better about the whole experience of giving. That’s because it benefits for the 48 as well as the recipient-you’re left with a feeling of belonging and being connected. 49 to help an organization or group that fits with your 50 and the things you believe in. If you love children,buy a present for a child in need. 51 animals are your thing,talk to your local animal shelter-many distribute staples like pet food to low-income pet 52 over the holidays. If you 53 a grandparent and would like to spend time with the elderly 54 out at a nursing home over the holidays. Or share a special skill. If you’re good with your 55 ,you can help build or painting housing for people in need.
36. A. Other B. Rather C. More D. Less
37. A. hopeless B. curious C. local D. foreign
38. A. remember B. forget C. forgive D. exercise
39.A. end B. start C. weather D. middle
40. A. bring B. mend C. sell D. throw
41.A. rebuild B. take C. leave D. visit
42. A. students B. neighbors C. organizers D. workers
43. A. ski B. survive C. study D. struggle
44. A. for B. in C. off D. on
45. A. easier B. cleaner C. healthier D. stronger
46. A. complete B. meaningful C. new D. busy
47. A. live B. play C. feel D. express
48. A. giver B. visitor C. children D. officials
49. A. Promise B. Refuse C. Choose D. Answer
50. A. work B. values C. hobbies D. profession
51.A. If B. Because C. Though D. While
52. A. sellers B. bosses C. stores D. owners
53.A. visit B. become C. miss D. dislike
54. A. look B. send C. find D. help
55. A. hands B. minds C. eyes D. ideas
---Are you content with the result of the exam?
---Not a little. I can’t have ______ one.
A. a worse B. the worse C. the better D. a better
请结合生活中的一个事例,用英语写一篇短文,谈谈你对下面一句英文的理解。
It is how you deal with failure that determines how you achieve success.
注意:1. 无须写标题;
2. 除诗歌外,文体不限;
3. 内容必须结合你生活中的具体事例;
4. 文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称;
5. 词数:100-120字。
Most people know that Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize, and the first person to win it twice.However, few people know that she was also the mother of a Nobel Prize winner.
Born in September, 1897, Irene Curie was the first of the Curies’ two daughters.Along with nine other children whose parents were also famous scholars, Irene studied in their own school, and her mother was one of the teachers.She finished her high school education at the College of Sévigné in Paris.
Irene entered the University of Paris in 1914 to prepare for a degree in mathematics and physics.When World War I began, Irene went to help her mother, who was using X-ray facilities(设备)to help save the lives of wounded soldiers.Irene continued the work by developing X-ray facilities in military hospitals in France and Belgium.Her services were recognized in the form of a Military’s Medal by the French government.
In 1918, Irene became her mother’s assistant at the Curie Institute.In December 1924, Frederic Joliot joined the Institute, and Irene taught him the techniques required for his work.They soon fell in love and were married in 1926.Their daughter Helene was born in 1927 and their son Pierre five years later.
Like her mother, Irene combined family and career.Like her mother, Irene was awarded a Nobel Prize, along with her husband, in 1935.Unfortunately, also like her mother, she developed leukemia because of her work with radioactivity(辐射能).Irene Joliot-Curie died from leukemia on March 17, 1956.
50.Why was Irene Curie awarded a Military Medal?
A.Because she received a degree in mathematics.
B.Because she contributed to saving the wounded.
C.Because she won the Nobel Prize with Frederic.
D.Because she worked as a helper to her mother.
51.Where did Irene Curie meet her husband Frederic Joliot?
A.At the Curie Institute. B.At the university of Paris.
C.At a military hospital. D.At the College of Sevigne.
52.When was the second child of Irene Curie and Frederic Joliot born?
A.In 1932. B.In 1927. C.In 1897. D.In 1926.
53.In which of the following aspects was Irene Curie different from her mother?
A.Irene worked with radioactivity. B.Irene combined family and career.
C.Irene won the Nobel Prize once D.Irene died from leukemia