People in the United States honor their parents with two special days: Mother’s Day, on the second Sunday in May, and Father’s Day, on the third Sunday in June.

 Mother’s Day was announced a day for national celebration by President Woodrow Wilson in 1915. Ann Jarvis from Grafton, West Virginia, had started the idea to have a day to honor mothers. She was the one who chose the second Sunday in May and also began the custom of wearing a carnation(康乃馨).

In 1909, Mrs. Dodd from Spokane, Washington, thought of the idea of a day to honor fathers. She wanted to honor her own father, William Smart. After her mother died, he had the responsibility of raising a family of five sons and a daughter. In 1910, the first Father’s Day was celebrated in Spokane. Senator Margaret Chase Smith helped to establish Father's Day as a national memorial day, in 1972.

These days are set aside to show love and respect for parents. They raise their children and educate them to be responsible citizens. They give love and care to their children.

 These two special days are celebrated in many different ways. On Mother's Day people wear carnations. A red one symbolizes a living mother. A white one shows that the mother is dead. Many people attend religious services to honor parents. It is also a day when people whose parents are dead visit the cemetery(burying ground). On these days families get together at home, as well as in restaurants. They often have outdoor barbecues for Father's Day. These are days of fun and good feelings and memories.

25. According to the passage, which of the following about the second Sunday in May is not true?

A. It is a day to show love to mothers.

B. It is a day to wear carnations.

C. It is a day for all people to visit the cemetery.

D. It is a day for many people to attend religious services.

26. Choose the right time order of the following events.

a. The first Father's Day was celebrated.

b. Mother’s Day was announced a day for national celebration.

c. Father’s Day became a day for national celebration. ·

d. The idea of honoring fathers was brought up.

A. a b c d          B. d a b c         C. b a c d         D. d a c b

27. From the passage, we know in the US____________.

A. one should wear a red carnation if one’s mother passes away

B. on Mother’s Day, families often go out to have barbecues

C. on Father’s Day, people often stay at home to celebrate the special day

D. The purpose to have these two special days is to show love to parents

28. The author’s purpose of writing this passage is to _________.

   A. call on people to love and respect their parents

   B. introduce Mother’s day and Father’s Day

   C. tell the time between Mother’s Day and Father’s Day

   D. show how important fathers and mothers are

A woman saw three old men with long white beards sitting in her front yard, hungry. She did not know them but invited them in. “ We do not go into a house together,” they replied. And she asked why.
   One of the old men explained: “His name is Wealth,” pointing to one of his friends, “ and he is Success, and I am Love.” Then he added, “ Now go in and discuss with your husband which one of us you want in your home.”
   The woman went in and told her husband what had happened. Her husband was overjoyed. “How nice!” he said. “Since that is the case, let Wealth come in and fill our home with wealth!” His wife disagreed, “My dear, why not invite Success?” Their daughter-in-law gave her own suggestion: “Wouldn’t it be better to invite Love? Our home will be filled with love then.” “Let’s heed our daughter-in-law’s advice,” said the husband to his wife. “ Go out and invite Love to be our guest.”
   Love got up and started walking toward the house. The other two also got up and followed him. Surprised, the woman asked Wealth and Success: “ I only invited Love, why are you coming in?”
   The old men replied together. “ If you had invited Wealth or Success, the other two of us would have stayed out. But since you invited Love, wherever he goes, we go with him. Wherever there is Love, there is also Wealth and Success!”
13.The underlined word “ heed” means “    ”.

14.What’s the best title of the passage?

15.From the story, we can know that the daughter-in-law is full of    .

All over the world people enjoy sports. Sports help to keep people healthy and happy, and to live longer.

__46__.  They buy tickets or turn on their TVs to watch the games. Often they get very excited when their player or team wins.

__47__.  Football, for example, has spread around the world. Swimming is popular in all countries near the sea or in those with many rivers. What fun it is to jump into a pool or lake, whether in China, Egypt or Italy! __48__. Think how many lovers to skate or ski in Japan, Norway or Canada.

Some sports or games go back thousands of years, like running or jumping. Chinese wushu, for example, has a very long history. But basketball and volleyball are rather new. Neither one is a hundred years old yet. __49__. Water-skiing is one of the newest in the family of sports.

People from different countries may not be able to understand each other, but after a game together they often become good friends. __50__. One learns to fight hard but fight fair, to win without pride and to lose with grace. （胜不骄，败不馁）

A.     And think of people in cold countries

B.     Sports help to train a person’s character(性格)

C.    Not a few people like sports in the world

D.    Many people like to watch others play games

E.     People aren’t inventing new sports or games

F.     Some sports are so interesting that people everywhere take part in them

G.    People are inventing new sports or games all the time

51.You are not allowed to leave here without his         .(permit)

52. You’d better         to Li Lei for what you have done to him.  (apology)

53. He thought that the change would be          to his health. (benefit)

54. This food will          you up after your illness. (strength)

55. The          of air makes it possible for us to live on. (exist)

56. A         tour means traveling all around the world . (globe)

57. The professor’s words left a lasting          on me.(impress)

58. They had a heated discussion and finally they agreed without much further       .(argue)

59. You have to read the passage first and then         its main idea. (summary)

60.It was a question which deserved serious         .(consider)

61.The prize for the best          went to Han Meimei.(perform)

62. He is very          . He always makes me laugh.(humour)

63.To tell you the truth,I'm          grateful for your help. (true)

64.Children show         about everything.(curious)

65.She works as a          in the foreign affairs office.(translate)

Billy: It's great to have the opportunity to see the Chinese acrobatics (杂技) performance. I like watching them very much.

Jennifer: So 61. ________ I. Which act do you like the most?

Billy: I'm fond 62. ________ the magic show.

Jennifer: Oh! It is beginning now. Is that tight-rope walking?

Billy: I think so.

Jennifer: I get nervous every time I watch this. It's so 63. ________ (danger) and hard for him to balance. He may fall off and hurt himself.

Billy: Don't worry. It seldom 64. ________ (happen). He has practiced a lot.

Jennifer: Oh, he's 65. ________ (final) finished. I heard 66. ________ many acrobats started their training when they were very young.

Billy: Yes. It takes many years of hard training before they can give 67. ________ public performance.

Jennifer: Exactly. And the acrobats have to be cool-headed 68. ________ (succeed) in their performance.

Billy: That's true. By the way, the clowns show is one of my favorites. I 69. ________ (come) to see it next weekend. Would you like to come with me on that day?

Jennifer: I'd love to, Billy. Well, let's stop 70. ________ (talk). There're many animals on the stage. Another show is about to begin.

Billy: OK. Look! The little dogs are so cute.

The more we do a thing, the more we tend to like doing it; and if we do not continue to do it, we feel uncomfortable. This is called the force of habits, and the force of habits should be fought against.

Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. When a person does a certain thing, he is driven by some unseen force to do the same thing repeatedly; then a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to get rid of. It is therefore very important that we should pay great attention to the formation of habits. Children often form bad habits, some of which remain with them as long as they live. Older persons also form bad habits as long as they live, and sometimes become ruined by them.

There are other habits which, when formed in early life, are of great help. Many successful men say that much of their success has something to do with certain habits in early life, such as early rising, honesty and so on.

Among the habits which children should not form are laziness, lying, stealing and so on. They are all easily formed habits. Unfortunately, older persons often form bad habits, which should have been avoided.

We should keep from all these bad habits, and try to form such habits as will be good for others and ourselves. Remember: Habits cure habits.
32.Generally speaking, it is difficult for one to __________.
A.form bad habits and easy for him to form good habits
B.get rid of good habits and bad habits once formed
C.get rid of bad habits and easy for him to form good habits
D.get rid of good habits and easy for him to form bad habits
33.We should pay much attention to the formation of habits because __________.
A.habits are of great help to everyone of us
B.a man can never get rid of the bad habits
C.we are forced to do them repeatedly
D.it’s hard and even not possible to get them away
34.__________ are formed little by little.
A.Good habits
B.Bad habits
C.Both good habits and bad habits
D.Neither good habits nor bad habits
35.According to the passage, early rising or honesty ____________.
A.is such a habit as should not have been got rid of
B.is an early formed habit that is with one as long as he lives
C.is such a habit as will be kept from
D.is a habit that has something to do with success

  A South Korean man and the 21 ducklings he has been raising as his children ever since they hatched have been breaking the internet with their amazing bond. A video that recently went viral in the western world shows the cute birds following their “mother” on a mountain hike and listening to his every command.

The middle-aged man, whose name is not revealed in the video, has been taking care of his 21 ducklings ever since they were eggs, making sure the incubation( 孵 化 ) period went smoothly, and even helping the tiny birds break through their shell when it came time to hatch. He was the first thing they laid eyes on in this world, and he has remained the most important figure in their lives since.

Ducklings naturally follow their mother around, and since the man was the one who acted as their mother, these birds follow him everywhere, even up a mountain. To them it’s only natural, but the middle-aged man considers it training and conditioning for the time when he finally releases them into the wild. He would love to raise them all as pets, but knows that wouldn’t be ideal for him or the birds, so he’s making sure that they are strong enough to survive in the wild.

The video shows the ducks following the middle-aged man as he hikes up a mountain outside Seoul, stopping whenever he does and refusing to follow anyone else, even if they give the same “let’s go” command their human mother does. Unless they hear his voice and see him moving, they don’t budge. It’s actually quite remarkable. I mean, it’s one thing to see dogs acting like this, but ducklings? That’s something else.

While it’s not clear what the man does for a living, I’m pretty sure he has a lot of experience with ducks, as at one point he reveals a certificate for “father of ducklings” dated 2005.

1．What can we learn from the video?

A．The ducklings just broke through their shells.

B．The man accidentally saved some ducklings.

C．The ducklings just obeyed the man naturally.

D．The man took pride in his ducklings.

2．What’s the man’s purpose of raising the ducklings?

A．To make a living by performing.

B．To film a video to attract attention.

C．To free them into the wild one day.

D．To make a contribution to a bird reserve.

3．Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “budge” in Paragraph 4?

A．Attack.                                                     B．Move.

C．End.                                                         D．Struggle.

4．What can be the best title for the text?

A．“Father” and “mother” of cute pets

B．Man raises ducklings as his “children”

C．Ducklings also regarded as good pets

D．Amazing bond between man and animals

   One day , Mrs. Riley, an elderly woman, was walking along a dark London street.

She was carrying her handbag in one hand and a plastic carrier bag in the other. There was nobody else in the street except two young men .They were standing in a dark shop doorway .One of them was very tall with fair hair ,the other was short and fat with a beard.

The two young men waited for a few moments, and then ran quickly and quietly towards Mrs. Riley. The tall one held her from behind while the other one tried to seize her handbag. 

Suddenly Mrs. Riley threw the tall one over her shoulder. He crashed into the other one and they both landed on the ground. Without speaking, Mrs. Riley struck both of them on the head with her handbag and walked calmly away. 

The two surprised young men were still sitting on the ground when Mrs. Riley crossed the street towards a door with a lighted sign above it. Mrs. Riley paused, turned round, smiled at them and walked into the South West London Judo (柔道) Club.   

28.When did the story happen?

 A .In the morning   B .In the afternoon   C .At night   D .In the evening

29. The two young men were standing in a dark shop doorway because_________         . 

A. they had nothing to do                   B. they were homeless  

C. they were waiting for a victim          D. they were guarding the shop  

30. How did the story end? 

A. The woman was robbed of her handbag. 

    B. The woman taught the two young men a lesson.  

C. The woman reported the two young men to the police.

  D. The woman sent the two young men to a judo club. 

31. The story tells about an elderly woman who____________         . 

A. went shopping at night                B. was on her way home  

C. had just left a shopping center           D. had a skill of self-defense     

 －Are you going to take the job?

－Certainly, though the salary is not so good．，you know．

A．A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

B．A golden key can open any door

C．Actions speak louder than words

D．Better late than never

You’re in a department store and you see a couple of attractive young women looking at a sweater． You listen to their conversation:

“I can’t believe it－a Lorenzo Bertolla! They are almost impossible to find． Isn’t it beautiful? And it’s a lot cheaper than the one Sara bought in Rome． ”

They leave and you go over to see this incredible sweater． It’s nice and the price is right． You’ve never heard of Lorenzo Bertolla, but those girls looked really stylish． They must know． So, you buy it． You never realize that those young women are employees of an advertising agency． They are actually paid to go from store to store, talking loudly about Lorenzo Bertolla clothes．

Every day we notice what people are wearing, driving and eating． If the person looks cool, the product seems cool, too． This is the secret of undercover marketing． Companies from Ford to Nike are starting to use it．

Undercover marketing is important because it reaches people that don’t pay attention to traditional advertising． This is particularly true of the MTV generation－consumers between the age of 18 and 34． It is a golden group． They have a lot of money to spend, but they don’t trust ads．

So advertising agencies hire young actors to “perform” in bars and other places here young adults go． Some people might call this practice deceptive（骗人的）, but marketing executive Jonathan Ressler calls it creative． “Look at traditional advertising． Its effectiveness is decreasing． ”

However, one might ask what exactly is “real” about young women pretending to be enthusiastic about a sweater? Advertising executives would say it’s no less real than an ad． The difference is that you know an ad is trying to persuade you to buy something． You don’ t know when a conversation you overhear is just a performance．

25．The two attractive young women were talking so that they could _____．

    A． get the sweater at a lower price                  B． be heard by people around

    C． be admired by other shoppers    D． decide on buying the sweater

26．The underlined words Lorenzo Bertolla is _____．

    A． a very popular male singer      B． an advertising agency

    C． a clothing company in Rome      D． the brand name of a sweater

27．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

    A． The two girls are in fact employed by the Lorenzo Bertolla Company．

    B． The MTV generation tend to be more easily influenced by ads．

    C． Traditional advertising is becoming less effective because it’s too direct．

    D． Undercover marketing will surely be banned soon by the government．

28．Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

    A． Two Attractive Shoppers         B． Lorenzo Bertolla Sweaters

    C． Ways of Advertising             D． Undercover Marketing

You Did More Than Carry My Books

Mark was walking home from school one day when he noticed a boy ahead of him had dropped all of the books he was carrying, along with a baseball bat and several other things. Mark  41  down and helped the boy pick up these articles.  42  they were going the same way, he helped to carry some of them for him. As they walked, Mark  43  the boy's name was Bill, that he  44  computer games, baseball and history, that he was having a lot of  45  with his other subjects and that he had just broken  46  with his best friend.

They arrived at Bill's home first and Mark was  47  in for a Coke and to watch some television. The afternoon passed  48  with a few laughs and some shared small talk, and then Mark went home. They  49  to see each other around school, had lunch together once or twice, and then both ended up from the same high school. Just three weeks before  50  , Bill asked Mark if they  51  talk. Bill  52  him of the day years ago when they had first met. “Do you  53  wonder why I was carrying so many things home that day?” asked Bill. “You see, I  54  out my locker(橱柜) because I didn't want to leave a mess  55  anyone else. I had planned to run away and I was going home to  56  my things. But after we spent some time together  57  and laughing, I realized that  58  I had done that, I would have  59  a new friend and missed all the fun we would have together. So you see, Mark, when you picked up my books that day, you did a lot more. You  60  my life.”

 Anyone who has spent some time with children must become ______ of the difference in the way

   boys and girls react to similar situations.

   A. innocent            B. interested                  C. aware                 D. concerned

71.We cannot   ____________  (强调……的重要性) protecting our eyes too much. ( of )

72. He walked up and down the room, ________(陷入了沉思)    (thought)

73. She stood there, with her eyes _______(盯住) the board.   (fix)

74. He  ____________  (有望) finish the work by March. (expect)

75.It’s not very far, so we____________(不妨) walk there.(as)   (新概念2内容)

Artificial intelligence can identify skin cancer in photographs with the same accuracy as trained doctors, say scientists. The Stanford University team said the findings were “incredibly exciting” and would now be tested in clinics. Eventually, they believe using AI could revolutionize healthcare by turning anyone's smart-phone into a cancer scanner.

The AI was repurposed (改变用途）from software developed by Google that had learned to spot the difference between images of cats and dogs. It was shown 129,450 photographs and told what type of skin condition it was looking at in each one.

It then learned to spot the hallmarks of the most common type of skin cancer: carcinoma(恶性上皮肿瘤), and the most deadly: melanoma(黑色素瘤). Only one in 20 skin cancers are melanoma, yet the tumor（肿瘤） accounts for three-quarters of skin cancer deaths.

The experiment, detailed in the journal Nature, then tested the AI against 21 trained skin cancer doctors. One of the researchers, Dr Andre Esteva, told the BBC News website: “We find excitedly, in general, that we are on par with excellent skin cancer doctors.”

However, the computer software cannot make a full diagnosis (诊断), as this is normally confirmed with a tissue biopsy(活检). Dr Esteva said the system now needed to be tested alongside doctors in the clinic. “The application of AI to health care is, we believe, an incredibly exciting area of research that can be leveraged to achieve a great deal of societal good,” he said. “One particular route that we find exciting is the use of this algorithm on a mobile device, but to achieve this we would have to build an app and test its accuracy directly from a mobile device.” Incredible advances in machine-learning have already led to AI beating one of humanity's best Go players. And a team of doctors in London have trained AI to predict when the heart will fail.

32. From the passage we can infer that _________      .

A. Artificial Intelligence must replace human one day

B. We can use Artificial Intelligence to cure skin cancers

C. We can use smart-phone to scan our skin at present

D. The research will be of great help to us and our health care

33. Which one will he agree with according to Dr Esteva?

A. Artificial Intelligence has beaten all of humanity’s best Go players.

B. Artificial Intelligence could support assessments by GPS.

C. We still need professional doctors with the help of the system.

D. There are too many disadvantages for Artificial Intelligence.

34. The underlined words “on par with” in Para 4 likely mean       .

A. sensitive to        B. equaled by           C. allergic to          D. opposite to

35. What’s probably the best title of this passage?

A. Cancer Doctors Are Out

B. An APP Scanning Skin Cancers

C. Artificial Intelligence—change our future

D. Artificial Intelligence—as good as cancer doctors

 Mike often says in public that he used to be chairman of the institute, but in fact he____ .

   A. doesn’t               B. isn’t           C. wasn’t                   D. didn’t

 To visit the heart and head of the U.S., take your children to the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Start with the “Library of Congress Experience” in its Great Hall. The exhibit uses more than ten interactive kiosks(互动信息亭) to show a handful of its unique historical and cultural treasures. These years in the making, the exhibit uses newly digitized materials, and its technology is much better than what you’ve seen elsewhere. Step up to a kiosk touch screen and turn the pages of old books. The exhibit lets you cut to the heart of the library’s collections you might want to see.

 On the second floor, you can stand in front of a huge “Creating the U.S.” interactive video wall. It senses your presence and displays historical information based on where you’re standing. The exhibit also allows you to read historical drafts of the Declaration of Independence and a singer’s copy of the Bill of Rights, as well as the Articles of Confederation.

The library’s website traffic grows by more than a million hits monthly, and it has satellite offices worldwide. “ If we had public space travel,” says Ford Peatross, director of the Library’s Center for Architecture, Design, and Engineering, “ we’d have an interstellar(星级的) office.”

Founded in 1800, staffed by 3,500, the Library of Congress is the globe’s biggest library. It is housed in three buildings named after presidents (Jefferson, Adams, and Madison). The library contains in some 460 languages on 500 miles of shelves, 128 million items.

It houses maps, photos, audio and video recordings, digital files, prints and drawings, comic books, unpublished books, plays, scripts, films, sheet music, America’s largest rare book collection, the world’s biggest collection of legal materials and Thomas Jefferson’s personal library, originally bought at the price of $23,950 and rebuilt with cash from Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones after an 1851 fire destroyed most of its collection.

62. What is special about the exhibit?

  A. It was started a year ago.                  B. It uses advanced technology.

  C. It mainly displays books on history.          D. It is held to promote interactive kiosks.

63. Which of the following can be used to describe Peatross?

  A. Careful            B. Patient         C. Humorous     D. Generous

64. According to the passage, the Library of Congress         .

  A. is a huge two-floor building             B. stores all its books in its Great Hall

  C. has a history of over three hundred years   D. keeps a huge variety of cultural materials

65.What do we learn about Jefferson’s personal library?

  A. It was sold to Jerry Jones.              

 B. It is included in the Library of Congress.

  C. It houses America’s largest rare book collection.

  D. It has the world’s biggest collection of legal materials.

Most middle school students in the U.S. go to school for at least 990 hours a year. Beginning this fall, some schools in Colorado, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Tennessee will add 300 hours to the school year.

Supporters of a longer school year say that kids who spend more time in class get better grades. They worry that kids in countries who spend more time at school or studying are better prepared to start college or find jobs after graduation.

“Schools need more teaching time if they are going to prepare students to be more successful in the 21st century.” says Luis Ubinas of the Ford foundation, which supports a longer year.

Jennifer Davis, president of the National Center on Time & Learning, says that many schools use the added time to provide extra help, like computer science and music.

However, some people don’t think adding time to the school year means that students will learn more or get better grades. A recent study by the Center for Public Education found that kids in some countries, including Finland and Japan, do better than U.S. students on standardized tests even though they spend less time in the classroom.

Other people argue that adding time to the school year is too expensive. With towns across the country facing budget cuts(预算削减), many schools simply can’t afford to pay teachers to work the extra hours.

Tina Bruno, the director of the Coalition for a Traditional School Calendar, says that kids need time to play sports, take part in after-school activities, and learn new things on their own.

“Before lengthening(延长) class time and taking away outside learning chances,” Bruno says , “let’s make the most of every minute in their present school day.”

32. This fall, students in Colorada, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Tennessee will _______.

A. get better grades

B. have more class time

C. have a chance to find jobs

D. meet friends from Finland and Japan

33. What is Lui Ubinas’ attitude towards adding time to the school year?

A. He doubts it.

B. He agree with it.

C. He is worried about it.

D. He doesn’t care about it.

34. According to the text, Tina Bruno thinks it is most important to _______.

A. pay the teachers much money to work the extra hours

B. add class time to help students to get better grades

C. allow students to go outside to learn new things

D. make full use of students’ current school time

35. What does this text mainly discuss?

  A. More time in school?            B. Better grades in school?

C. Start school or find jobs?         D. Learn more outside class?

 The loss has not yet been ______ accurately, but it is believed to be well beyond a hundred million dollars.

A. controlled       B. considered       C. calculated       D. completed

   I returned home the other night, tired. My husband asked me how my evening was, “Great.” I told him. I had spent 90 minutes in a gym with 10 Ping-Pong tables and all kinds of players, all playing a little ball over the net. By 9 pm, I was excited, tired, satisfied. I had beaten two young men half my age and lost battles against other competitors. To an observer, the night was common. To me, it was a lucky thing that I hadn’t expected.

   I had taken up Ping-Pong during college, and in my 30s took more advanced lessons. However, a serious accident hurt my leg, which made me unable to take exercise. Months later, I tried to play Ping-Pong but my leg pained for a week. I put the game out of my mind.

   When I was 53, one day my bad leg was working a little bit better. Could Ping-Pong be possible for me, now---in my condition, at my age? I tried to play Ping-Pong again

Ping-Pong is a sport which requires endurance(耐力). Players need quick foot work and upper body movements to return balls, requiring faster response time than tennis.

Playing Ping-Pong offers benefits for the brain. A study of 164 women aged 60 and older showed that Ping-Pong improved cognitive(认知)function more than dancing, walking or gymnastics. “The great thing about our sport is that it can be played by anyone,” said Jimmy Butler, a four-time national USA Table Tennis Association winner. “I see 90-year-olds and 10-year-olds.”

Years passed and my endurance improved. People started to praise my shots. I won a game. Then I won agin. These days, I feel wonderful, I believe this sport is the fountain (源泉)of youth.

25. What can we know about the author from the first paragraph?

   A. She was satisfied with herself that evening

   B. She felt disappointed when losing battles

   C. She lost battles against two young men

   D. She was the best player in the gym

26. What sport can improve cognitive function more effectively?

   A. Dancing         B. Walking     C. Ping-Pong      D. Gymnastics

27. What’s a big advantage about Ping-Pong sport according to Jimmy Butler?

   A. It is good for the brain

   B. It can be played by anyone

   C. It can build up people’s muscles

   D. It can improve people’s endurance

28. What’s the best title for the text?

   A. My Battle with My Illness

   B. A Life-changing Accident

   C. My Wonderful Evening Exercise

   D. Ping-Pong: the Fountain of Youth

The employees were tired of working ______ hours and some of them even gave up their work.

   A. special     B. extra      C. especial   D. spare