通识教育在当下有重要的意义。经典阅读是通识教育常见的一种形式,从表面看,经典阅读对于建构学科传统与形成对基本问题的理解有很大帮助。但从更深层次看,经典文本实际上往往包含了一些对于比较重要的人性问题的共同思考。例如莎士比亚和柏拉图的经典文本虽然相隔很长时间,在历史环境和语言风格等方面都有重大差异,但相隔几百年、并且文化背景与欧洲迥异的中国当代阅读者同样会产生共鸣。这种经验对于理解不同的思想与文化,甚至对于思考我们今天的生存处境来说都非常重要。阅读者会意识到,在今天遭遇的特定历史社会处境中的许多经历,可能是人类文明在不同处境下不断遭遇的共同困境,以前的各种智慧、制度与思想的努力都与此有关。
在此基础上,学习者会对理解今天人类的各种处境有一个更深入的文明视野,这对于现代中国来说更为重要。我们知道,中华文明传统在近代遭到很强的质疑,而且新来的文明传统直到今天还与中国人的生活有很多隔膜之处,现代中国的文明处境在今天是未定的。这才需要通识教育给我们在面临今天的社会、经济、文化、心理等所有问题时提供一个更大的视野,使专门化甚至琐碎的学术研究与大的问题能更密切地联系在一起。
另外,经典阅读并非高高在上,它同样与日常生活有着密切关联。以经典阅读为主的通识教育,能够提供一个将个人日常生活经验与文明背后的传统问题连通起来的交汇点。这是通识教育更大的意义,但它只能落实在非常具体的文本阅读与文本问题的研究上。经典中的某一文本之所以费解,既有可能是文字不通或具体论证的环节难以把握,但也有可能是读者对日常生活中的某个问题不明白。
一个文明没有能力让人类的智慧和学习者的生活发生关系,是这个文明本身的弱点。在中国,过去一度对其文明的道理与生活的关系相当认同,但到了近代,不少人认为是因为太相信了传统中的道理,以至于没法在现代社会中幸存下来,所以慢慢会把原来文明中建立的读书、智慧和生活的关系给斩断了。所以现代中国得找到办法把它们重新联系起来,这种联系的方式,无论在学术上,还是在教育中,都需要许多尝试和探索。通识教育的努力,特别是通过深入到经典这个层面的努力,有助于实现这点。
另外值得一提的是,不同学科对经典阅读的看法可能并不一致。经典阅读的通识教育方式,人文学科的同学可能比学习自然科学的学生更习惯。研究科学史的学者常说,成熟的科学都是能忘记祖先的,比如今天研究物理学的很少会去读亚里士多德和牛顿,研究几何学的也很少会去读欧几里得。总的来说,自然科学是围绕最新的学术研究文献建立的学科体系,教科书与专业研究文献成为阅读的主体。通识教育在理科要怎么做?可能还需要自然科学领域的专家和学者一起来探索。
(摘编自李猛《经典阅读、通识教育与美好生活》)
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假如说20年前的文化发展模式尚处干1.0时代的话,那么今天已经进入2.0时代乃至3.0时代。其间,文化发展建设隶属于人类精神内容生产的根本属性没有改变,依托个人或团队扎根现实并实施文化审美内容的原创逻辑没有改变,但借以开展文化创新的媒介、工具、手段、流程。平台等发生了今非昔比的变化。因而,简单沿用1.0时代的规划套路来谋划文化发展建设,难以做到有的放矢。明智的做法,理应是顺应以下四个方面的时代变化趋势:
一是文化网络化。当今几乎所有的文化生产实践与文化投入产出,都或多或少地要和互联网发生关系。离开了互联网,很难让文化发展成果传得远、传得广。网络空间已成为当今时代最具受众关注度的文化信源和公众舆论场。实施媒体融合的第一要务就在于,传统纸媒、广电媒体等要对接融入互联网平台,实现网络化传输供给。
二是文化数字化。这可以说是媒体融合的又一个着力点所在。日常的线下文化生产供给和消费服务,一旦实现了互联网呈现及多媒体嵌入,就相当于实现了线下线上融合、新旧媒体融合。此外,优秀文化典籍,文物图像文字的保护性开发,也需借助多种手段实现数字化扫描、翻拍、存储、展示等转化。唯有如此,才有可能让它们再现生机活力,进而真正惠及子孙后代。这同样是文化数字化的必由之路。
三是文化虚拟化。这是当今时代最能以高科技手段拓展文化想象力、施展人类创新才干、再现文化时空意象的亮点所在。举凡数字电影技术中的自然灾变电脑特技、古代军团的大规模集解作战特技、科幻影视作品中的未来场景、全息投影等,都仰赖于数字虚拟技术的贡献。
四是文化算法化。算法通常和信号传输速率、计算机算力以及人工智能发达水平密切相关。当前,联网的智能手机用户已占到全民的八九成,微信、抖音等社交娱乐App更是全球盛行,网媒广告粘人式精准投放,社会信息借助新闻算法定点推送,这都得益于互联网传播技术尤其是4G、5G技术的迭代进化。
应当看见,虽然文化在当今时代享受到了科技发展带来的巨大红利,但它必然还需遵循自身特定的发展规律。缺失人文的考量和谋划,足以让文化发展建设走偏、跑斜。例如。网络空间在真实创造、生产和展现人类文明发展成果的同时,也出现了像标题党泛滥。谣言四起、网络暴力、洗稿剽窃等泥沙俱下的伪文化、反文化乱象,严重干扰了公众的认知。
不管怎样,网络空间并非法外之地,更不是舆论飞地。我们必须用主流价值导向驾驭算法,使网络空间更加清朗。就此而言,即便我们主动顺应上述发展趋势,也需要在谋划“十四五”文化发展建设时“以我为主”地力争社会效益至上,进而实现社会效益与经济效益的有机统一。
(摘编自徐清泉《大变局下如何谋划文化发展》,《解放日报》2020年10月20日)
Questions you should ask yourself when you fail
The more new things we try the more failure we are likely to have.. Experiencing failure can be a learning experience and an opportunity for a fresh start. A good way to begin this process is by asking yourself some tough questions.
⑴What can I learn from this?
Take responsibility for what went wrong. OK, so it was not all your fault—but some of it was. Successful people don't make excuses or blame others. So you should look at the experience objectively(客观地).
⑵Do I need to acquire or improve some skills?
Did the problem reveal some lack of skill on your part? How could you learn or improve those skills? Perhaps there are books or courses or people you could turn to.
⑶Who can I learn from?
Is there someone to whom you can turn for advice? Did a boss, colleague or friend see what happened? . Most people do not ask for help because they believe it to be a sign of weakness rather than strength. It's not. It shows that you are ready to learn and change.
⑷What will I do next?
Now draw up an action plan. Will you try something similar or something different? Revisit your goals. Failure doesn't mean you have to give up; maybe you just need to change it in another way.
A. You can now reset your sights on your destination and plan a new course. B. Make them step stones to future success. C. They take responsibility for the failure. D. In fact the only way to avoid failure is to do nothing new. E. The important thing is how we deal with failure. F. Make a self-development plan to acquire the skills and experience you need. G. If they are constructive and supportive then ask them for some feedback (反馈) and guidance. |
History is a record of what has happened in the past. The really fascinating thing is that much of history has been repeated time and again. It allows us to learn from the past, both the mistakes and the successes.
One of the benefits of history is reading how other people have overcome tremendous challenges in their life. These challenges, although particular to a person, or to a certain time in the past, or occurring in a different country or culture, all convey the same thing.
He encountered many failures while on the road to finally inventing the light bulb. He could be held out as an example of a person who never gave up. However, he did not let those failures stop him. He had a dream and he just kept trying different things until he did reach success.
Or, consider the story of Abraham Lincoln who managed to become President of the United States even though he suffered many setbacks and personal losses. Most of us only realise his success. His life was not easy. His story motivates us to keep moving forward no matter what obstacles we have in life.
A. History has a lot of influence on us.
B. Take the story of Thomas Edison for example.
C. History has some very unique qualities.
D. I am sure he was discouraged by his many failures.
E. They convey wisdom in their short stories of perseverance.
F. Few of us know about the many challenges he had to overcome.
G. Only those with courage to face challenges can realise their dreams.