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阅读理解    Larger brain size linked to longer life in deer. The size of a female animals' brain may determine whether they live longer and have more healthy later generations, according to new research led by the University of Cambridge.    The study, published in the Royal Society Open Science journal, shows that female red deer with larger brains live longer and have more surviving later generations than those with smaller brains. Brain size is heritable and is passed down through the generations. This is the first extensive study of individual differences in brain size in wild mammals and draws on data comparing seven generations of deer.    Across species of mammals, brain size varies widely. This is thought to be a consequence of specific differences in the benefits and costs of a larger brain. Mammals with larger brains may, for example, have greater abilities that enable them to adapt better to environmental changes or they may have longer lifespans. But there may also be disadvantages: for instance, larger brains require more energy, so individuals that possess them may show reduced ability to give birth to young babies.    The researchers, based at the University of Cambridge's Zoology Department and Edinburgh University's Institute of Evolutionary Biology, wanted to test if they could find more direct genetic or non-genetic evidence of the costs and benefits of large brain size by comparing the longevity(长寿) and survival of individuals of the same species with different sized brains. Using the skulls of 1,314 wild red deer whose life histories and breeding success had been monitored in the course of a long-term study on the Isle of Rum, they found that females with larger endocranial volumes(脑腔容量) lived longer and produced more surviving offspring in the course of their lives.    Lead author Dr Corina Logan, a Gates Cambridge Scholar, says, "The reasons for the association between brain size and longevity are not known, but other studies have suggested that larger brains are a consequence of the longer-lived species having longer developmental periods in which the brain can grow. These predictions were generated from cross-species correlations; however, testing such hypotheses requires investigations at the within-species level, which is what we did. "    Dr Logan adds, "We found that some of the cross-species predictions about brain size held for female red deer, and that none of the predictions were supported in male red deer. This indicates that each sex likely experiences its own set of trade-offs(权衡,协调) with regard to brain size. "The study also showed that females' relative endocranial volume is smaller than that of males, despite evidence of selection for larger brains in females.    Professor Tim Clutton Brock, who set up the Rum Red Deer study with Fiona Guinness in 1972 and started the work on brain size, points out, "The reason that this kind of study has not been conducted before is that it requires long term records of a large number of individuals across multiple generations and data of this kind are still rare in wild animals." （1） What does the new research about brain size reveal? A . Large-brain red deer tend to be more reproductive. B . Large-brain female deer survive small-brain male deer. C . Brain size causes individual differences in some mammals. D . Brain size has been increasing from generation to generation. （2） For different species of mammals, brain size varies widely because ________. A . mammals can develop different adaptive abilities B . a larger brain has its advantages and disadvantages C . different mammals are born with different lifespans D . brain size is affected by genetic or non-genetic factors （3） What can we learn about the relation between brain size and longevity? A . The cause and effect needs to be further investigated. B . Brain size absolutely determines animals' longevity. C . Longer-lived species allow brains to grow to a large size. D . The cross-species assumptions apply to red deer of both sexes. （4） What can we infer from Professor Tim Clutton Brock's words? A . Researchers can't possibly reach a conclusion about the reason. B . Researchers are not patient enough to keep long term records. C . Such research has been thoroughly conducted on wild animals before. D . Such research will witness great difficulty in the long-term process. 答案： C B A D

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