阅读理解

Donna Strickland was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for physics jointly with Arthur Ashkin and Gérard Mourou. It's the first time in 55 years that a woman has won this famous prize, but why has it taken so long? We look at five other pioneering female physicists—past and present—who actually deserve the prize.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Perhaps the most famous snub (冷落):then-student Bell discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967, when she was a PhD student at Cambridge. The Nobel Prize that recognised this landmark discovery in 1974, however, went to her male supervisor, Antony Hewish. Recently awarded a ￡2.3 million Breakthrough Prize, which she gave away to help under-represented students, she joked to the Guardian, "I feel I've done very well out of not getting a Nobel Prize."

Lene Hau

Hau is best known for leading the research team at Harvard University in 1999 that managed to slow a beam of light, before managing to stop it completely in 2001. Often topping Nobel Prize prediction lists, could 2022 be Hau's year?

Vera Rubin

Rubin discovered dark matter in the 1980s, opening up a new field of astronomy. She died in 2016, without recognition from the committee.

Chien-Shiung Wu

Wu's "Wu experiment" helped disprove the "law of conservation of parity". Her experimental work was helpful but never honoured,and instead, her male colleagues won the 1957 Nobel Prize for their theoretical work behind the study.

Lise Meitner

Meitner led groundbreaking (开创性的) work on the discovery of nuclear fission. However, the discovery was acknowledged by the 1944 Nobel Prize for chemistry, which was won by her male co-lead, Otto Hahn.

1. （1） When was the discovery of radio pulsars recognised by the Nobel?

   A . In 1944. B . In 1967. C . In 1974. D . In 1980.
3. （2） Which woman is most likely to win a Nobel Prize later according to the text?

   A . Lene Hau. B . Vera Rubin. C . Donna Strickland. D . Jocelyn Bell Burnell.
5. （3） What do we know about the five females?

   A . The five female scientists did greatly in chemistry. B . Vera Rubin had opened up a new field in geometry. C . Lise Meitner's teacher won a Noble Prize for her work. D . All their findings haven't been recognised by the Nobel.

 阅读理解

If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.

The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences -- called light pollution -- whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. Ill-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels -- and light rhythms -- to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected.

In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze (霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We've grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night -- dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth -- is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.

We've lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet (磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being "captured" by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.

Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint, including their nighttime breeding choruses. Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs. Like most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.

Living in a glare of our own making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage-the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way -- the edge of our galaxy -- arching overhead.

1. （1） According to the passage, human beings ____.

   A . prefer to live in the darkness B . are used to living in the day light C . were curious about the midnight world D . had to stay at home with the light of the moon
3. （2） The writer mentions birds and frogs to ____.

   A . provide examples of animal protection B . show how light pollution affects animals C . compare the living habits of both species D . explain why the number of certain species has declined
5. （3） It is implied in the last paragraph that ____.

   A . light pollution does harm to the eyesight of animals B . light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages C . human beings cannot go to the outer space D . human beings should reflect on their position in the universe
7. （4） What might be the best title for the passage?

   A . The Magic Light B . The Orange Haze C . The Disappearing Night D . The Rhythms of Nature

 阅读理解

In this digital age, people measure their popularity by the number of "likes" and followers they get on social media. But as it turns out, people are happier when their friends are of high quality rather than huge quantity.

Scientists from the University of Leeds in the UK studied data from two online surveys of nearly 1,500 people. Those who took the survey gave details about their age, social interactions, and how satisfied they were with their social lives. The researchers found that those who had a small number of close friends generally tended to be happier than those who had a large number of superficial (关系浅表的) friends.

"Loneliness has less to do with the number of friends you have, and more to do with how you feel about your friends," said Bruine de Bruin, one of the researchers.

He found that older people tended to have smaller social circles than young people, but the people in these circles tended to be closer to them. He also found that younger people tended to have larger social circles that were made up of "peripheral(次要的) others"— people who are not their true friends, but just the ones they know. These people had no influence on their happiness.

The results of the study show that the opinion society has about old people being sad and lonely might not be accurate.

"The research shows that older adults' smaller networks don't decrease their social satisfaction and happiness. In fact, older adults tend to report a better sense of well-being than younger adults," said Bruine de Bruin.

1. （1） According to the study, people tend to be happier when they ____.

   A . have friends of huge quantity B . have a small circle of close friends C . have a lot of followers on social media D . make friends with older people
3. （2） What do we know from paragraph 4?

   A . Older people's friends seem to be of higher quality. B . Younger people don't need to make peripheral friends. C . Older people's happiness has nothing to do with their friends. D . Both older and younger people find it hard to make close friends.
5. （3） Which word might Bruine de Bruin use to describe older adults?

   A . Sad. B . Happy. C . Lonely. D . Concerned
7. （4） What is the focus of this article?

   A . Different types of friends in one's life. B . Changes in people's happiness levels. C . Interactions between older and younger people. D . The relationship between happiness and the quality and quantity of friends.

 阅读理解

From composer, musician, and philanthropist(慈善家)Peter Buffett comes, a warm, wise, and inspirational, book that asks, "Which win you choose: the path of least resistance or the path of potentially greatest sailsfaction?"

You may think that with a last name like his, Buffett has enjoyed a life of endless privilege. But the son of billionaire investor Warren Buffett says that the only real inheritance handed down from his parents is a philosophy: Build your own path in life. It is a principle that has allowed him to follow his own passions, establish his own identity, and reap his own successes.

In Life Is What You Make It. Buffett expounds on(阐释)the strong set of values given to him by his trusting and broadminded mother, his hardworking and talented father, and the many life teachers he has met along the way.

Today's society, Buffett assumes, has begun to replace a work ethic, enjoying what you do, with a wealth ethic, honoring the payoff instead of the process. We confuse privilege with material wealth, character with external validation(认可). Yet, by focusing more on substance and less on reward, we can open doors of opportunity and strive toward a greater sense of fulfillment. In clear and brief terms, Buffett reveals a great truth: Life is random, neither fair nor unfair.

From there it becomes easy to recognize the equal dignity and value of every human life our circumstances may vary but our essence does not. We see that our journey in life rarely follows a straight line but is often met with false starts, crises, and mistakes. How we push through and persevere in these challenging moments is where we begin to create the life Of our dreams—from discovering our vocations to giving back to others.

Personal and instructive, Life Is What You Make It is about challenging your circumstances, taking control of your destiny, and living your life to the fullest.

1. （1） What is the purpose of the passage?

   A . To describe a famous person. B . To introduce a book. C . To talk about what life is about. D . To discuss how to live a meaningful life.
3. （2） What can we infer about Peter Buffett?

   A . His father is very rich. B . One of his hobbies is music. C . He achieved success by himself. D . He wrote the book Life Is What You Make It.
5. （3） What is today's society like according to Peter Buffett?

   A . People are following their interests. B . People are seeking spiritual enjoyment. C . People pay more attention to the process. D . People focus more on the results.
7. （4） Which proverb can best express the main idea of the fifth paragraph?

   A . Living without an, aim is like sailing without a compass. B . Life is full of ups and downs. C . Where there is a will, there is away. D . Life isn't about getting and having, it's about giving and being.

 阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

The Upside to Being Outside

Research shows that being in nature makes people feel good, whether they're roughing it in the wilderness for days or just hanging out at a local park for a while. One study was conducted in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. Researchers found that most participants' mood and well-being improved significantly when they spent time in urban parks, even though the average visit was only around half an hour.

For example, scientists in the United Kingdom studied the impact of the "30 Days Wild" campaign. It challenged people to interact with nature for 30 days by enjoying earthy activities like feeding birds and planting flowers. Participants were measurably happier and healthier throughout the challenge…and for months afterwards, too.

How does nature boost people's happiness? Scientists say that spending time in natural settings reduces stress and anxiety, which benefits mental and physical health. Research shows our brains are more relaxed in natural settings.

To most people, it's not news that nature can be calming. But multiple studies have found that spending time in nature also has some more surprising benefits, like improving creativity and problem-solving. Another found that exposure to nature helped people score better on tests. That's more proof that going outside is a smart move!

What accounts for the connection with cognition and creativity? It could be that a good dose of nature acts as a cure to information overload. Everyday life involves a lot of multitasking. Some scientists theorize that spending time in nature enables our brains to rest and recover from mental tiredness. 

Naturally, scientific studies don't cover everything that's great about the great outdoors. From recreation and exercise to happiness and creativity, there are lots of upsides to getting outside.

A. One study revealed that people were better at figuring out puzzles after a four-day camping trip.

B. According to many scientific studies, there's a good chance it'll make you happier, healthier, and more creative.

C. What's more, the lift people get from nature is long lasting.

D. Lots of people enjoy fun activities outside, like swimming, riding bikes, or climbing trees.

E. When the only light you've seen all day is the glow of a screen, it might be a good idea to switch it off.

F. This means that whether you're studying or playing video games, heading outside to give your brain a break might help you get to the next level.

G. So, kicking back in a park is a bit like treating your mind to a restful mini vacation.

 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

I'm a college professor teaching people how to think more creatively. Interestingly, this lifetime passion was 1 by a casual contest when I was a child.

At a family picnic for employees of the company where my father worked, they held a contest for the children-who could throw a cloth handkerchief the farthest. The first 2 , the little ones, took mighty wind-ups(挥臂动作), but when the cloth left their hands, it opened and flew to the ground a few 3 in front of them. The crowd roared with laughter, and being 13, I didn't like adults laughing at us.

It was 4 that using the same technique would not work. Suppose I 5 a rock inside the handkerchief? No, it was "throw a handkerchief", not "a rock and a handkerchief". When they inspected it, I'd be 6 Suppose I hid a rock in the cloth without tying it. The rock would drive the cloth at least farther than the others, and when they 7 , people might not notice a small rock landing in the grass. I had a good 8 of getting away with it(侥幸逃脱).

However, I didn't want to win by cheating but to show the adults that a(n) 9 could beat others at their own game. I had to make the handkerchief fly like a rock. I 10 began tying knot after knot until it was the size of a large rock. I took a long wind-up and threw the 11 handkerchief which landed 60 feet away. The laughing 12 and everyone was dumbfounded. The 13 then ran to fetch it to examine how I'd cheated. "It's just the handkerchief," he 14 , holding it up and untying the knots. The adults applauded kindly and I felt proud.

I hadn't broken the rules, but I had broken the 15 ideas, which was the secret to creative thinking.

 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Archaeological (考古的) (discover) of Changsha wares (陶器) have occurred randomly over the decades, and key findings of kiln (窑) ruins (make) particularly since 2010. There were not only Tang Dynasty Changsha wares (unearth), but also some celadons (青瓷) from an even (early) period.

They're key witnesses the Silk Road on the sea and Sino-foreign exchanges of material culture. Archaeological findings show that Changsha wares were exported to about 30 countries, (range) from East and Southeast Asian neighbors to North Africa. Craftsmen and workshop owners in Changsha participated in a wave of globalization actively explored overseas markets.

(consequent), shapes of Changsha wares were also influenced by foreign elements. Seeing the antiques, we can also understand  public aesthetics (审美) of their time. They tell  was viewed as traditional Chinese beauty.

为增强学生体质，你校将在下周举办一次"Love Sports, Love Life "的体育活动。假定你是学生会主席李华，请你用英文写一篇倡议信，呼吁同学们积极进行体育锻炼。

内容要点包括：
1.活动的目的；
2.进行体育运动的益处；3.提出倡议，表达期待。

注意：
1．词数 100 左右；
2．开头已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear friends,

……

With best wishes.

The Students' Union

 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

"I'm going to miss you so much, Poppy," said the tall, thin teenager. He bent down to hug his old friend goodbye. He stood up, hugged his parents, and smiled, trying not to let his emotions(情绪)get the better of him.

His parents were not quite able to keep theirs under control. They had driven their son several hours out of town to the university where he would soon be living and studying. It was time to say goodbye for now at least. The family hugged and smiled through misty eyes and then laughed.

The boy lifted the last bag onto his shoulder, and flashed a bright smile. "I guess this is it," he said. "I'll see you back home in a month, okay?" His parents nodded, and they watched as he walked out of sight into the crowds of hundreds of students and parents. The boy's mother turned to the dog, "Okay, Poppy, time to go back home."

The house seemed quiet as a tomb without the boy living there. All that week, Poppy didn't seem interested in her dinner, her favorite toy, or even in her daily walk. Her owners were sad too, but they knew their son would be back to visit. Poppy didn't.

They offered the dog some of her favorite peanut butter treats. They even let her sit on the sofa, but the old girl just wasn't her usual cheerful self. Her owners started to get worried. "What should we do to cheer Poppy up?" asked Dad. "We've tried everything."

"I have an idea, but it might be a little crazy," smiled Mom. "Without anybody left in the house but us, this place could use a bit of fun. Let's get a little dog for Poppy.

It didn't take long before they walked through the front door carrying a big box. Poppy welcomed them home as usual but when she saw the box, she stopped. She put her nose on it. Her tail began wagging(摆动)ever so slowly, then faster as she caught the smell.

注意：
1.所续写的短文词数应为150左右；
2.续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已经为你写好。

Paragraph 1

Dad opened the box and a sweet little dog appeared. 

Paragraph 2

A few weeks later, the boy arrived home from university.