题目

As parents, we want our children to reach their full academic potential. We read to them, encourage their special talents, and support them when they have problems. If they choose to participate in music or sports, we also help them reach their potential in those areas. These are all good goals.There is, however, an even more important goal. It is a goal more difficult than excellence in arithmetic or soccer or the violin. Parents are responsible for providing their children with a moral compass. They need to nurture and treasure goodness in their children. Every child has the capacity to become a good, decent human being. To fulfill this capacity, children need the guidance and support of parents and other adults. Raising good, moral children is the most important job we will have.What is a good, decent human being? While we may differ on some details, most would agree that respect for others, kindness and caring, honesty and honor, and a reverence (尊重) for life are key. Good, decent human beings are people with a firm sense of direction and purpose—a moral compass—to guide their lives. Children need our help to develop these characteristics and values.While most people try to act with honor and kindness, doing so consistently is difficult and requires lifelong effort. Goodness is not easy for an adult and it is even more difficult for a child. They do not have the knowledge, experiences, or cognitive skills to understand the impact and consequences of their actions.Reinforcement is sometimes an efficient approach to building positive behavior. The child behaves in a desired way and the parents provide reinforcement. The behavior then typically increases in frequency. This approach works for teaching “Please” and “Thank you”. The new behavior is maintained, because it helps the child get along in the world.Loving, everyday interactions are the beginning of raising moral children. The child who falls and receives adult concern learns how to treat others kindly when they stumble (绊倒). The child who makes a mistake and is encouraged to try again learns how to support others. When parents intercede (调解) graciously for their child, the child can see the basis for friendship. When we treat children with respect and care, we provide a positive model of how to behave. These early experiences establish patterns for their treatment of others.【1】What are adults supposed to do to make children become good, decent human beings?A. To encourage their children to learn more about sports or music.B. To help their children to develop their special talents.C. To support their children when they have problems.D. To reinforce positive behavior through everyday interaction【2】Why is it difficult for a child to act with honor and kindness?A. Because it is difficult for adults to do so.B. Because a child is not mature enough to do so.C. Because a child does not understand the abstract concept of “goodness”.D. Because a child does not have a model to follow.【3】The author talks about teaching “Please” and “Thank you” to demonstrate that ________.A. saying “Please” and “Thank you” is a good habitB. politeness is the nature of a moral compassC. politeness helps the child get along in the worldD. reinforcement is an efficient approach to building positive behavior【4】What conclusion can we draw from the passage?A. Every child without exception will become a good, decent human being.B. There’s a universally accepted criterion for “a good, decent human being”.C. The more reinforcement, the more the child behaves in a positive way.D. The child with a single parent will not become a good, decent human being.【5】What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To emphasize the importance of adults’ concern when a child falls.B. To show how to guide children to develop friendship.C. To explain why adults should treat children with respect and care.D. To show how love and everyday interactions work in molding a moral child. 答案：【答案】【1】D【2】B【3】D【4】C【5】D【解析】这是一篇说明文。作为家长，我们除了帮助孩子获得学业上的成就之外，还有一个更重要的任务：父母有责任为他们的孩子提供道德指针，他们需要培养和珍惜孩子的善良。文章阐述了品行良好得体的概念以及如何将孩子培养成为有道德的人。【1】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Every child has the capacity to become a good, decent human being. To fulfill this capacity, children need the guidance and support of parents and other adults”可知，孩子需要父母以及其他成年人的引导和支持来成为品行良好得体的人。然后根据第五段中的“Reinforcement is sometimes an efficient approach to building positive behavior”和第六段中的“Loving, everyday interactions are the beginning of raising moral children”可知，强化有时是建立积极行为的有效方法。充满爱的日常互动是培养有道德孩子的开始。综上可知，父母应该强化日常交流来培养孩子的道德观，从而使孩子成为品行良好得体的人。故D选项正确。【2】细节理解题。根据第四段“While most people try to act with honor and kindness, doing so consistently is difficult and requires lifelong effort. Goodness…is even more difficult for a child. They do not have the knowledge, experiences, or cognitive skills to understand the impact and consequences of their actions.”可知，孩子们没有知识、经验和认知技能去理解他们的行为产生的影响和后果，即：孩子们不成熟，这使得孩子们更难以善良的方式去行事。故B选项正确。【3】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Reinforcement is sometimes an efficient approach to building positive behavior. The child behaves in a desired way and the parents provide reinforcement. The behavior then typically increases in frequency.”可知，强化有时是建立积极行为的有效方法。当父母强化孩子的某种行为时，这种行为就会频繁地增加。然后下文提到，This approach works for teaching “Please” and “Thank you”，这种方法对于教孩子们说“请”和“谢谢”非常有效。那么很明显，作者用“Please”和“Thank you”作为例子来体现强化的作用，故D选项正确。【4】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Reinforcement is sometimes an efficient approach to building positive behavior”可知，强化是建立积极行为的有效方式。故可推知，强化的越多，孩子们就会以一种更为积极的方式去行动。故C选项正确。第二段中的“Every child has the capacity to become a good, decent human being”提到：每个孩子都有能力成为一个品行得体的好人。但这并不是说每个孩子都毫无例外地会成为品行得体的好人。由此排除A选项。第三段中的“While we may differ on some details, most would agree that respect for others, kindness and caring, honesty and honor, and a reverence (尊重) for life are key”提到：虽然我们在一些细节上可能有分歧，但大多数人都认为尊重他人、善良和关心、诚实和荣誉以及对生活的尊敬是关键。由此可知，品行得体没有一个统一的标准，从而排除B选项。D选项说“单亲家庭的孩子不会成为品行得体的好人”，这种说法过于绝对了，缺少父亲或母亲并不意味着孩子不能得到应得的指导和支持，故排除D选项。综上，C选项正确。【5】推理判断题。通读最后一段可知，第一句是中心句：充满爱的日常互动是培养有道德的孩子的开始（Loving, everyday interactions are the beginning of raising moral children.）。从第二句到倒数第二句作者举例说明家长如何在日常生活中培养孩子成为有道德的人。最后一句强调：孩子的早期经历教会孩子如何对待他人（These early experiences establish patterns for their treatment of others.）。综上，该段的目的是说明爱和日常互动如何让孩子成为有道德的人。故D选项正确。

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