一、独立主格结构概述:独立主格结构由两部分组成,前一部分是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(动名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。在英语中,谓语只能是动词,不是谓语的动词全部改成非谓语动词。独立主格结构在句中作状语,多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。
其特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系或动宾关系;
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
二、独立主格的形式:
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词
例如:①Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance. 黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
②There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词
例如:①The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。
②He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。
例如:①The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。
②Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
4. 名词(代词)+形容词
例如:Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5. 名词(代词)+副词
例如:①The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
②The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
6. 名词(代词)+名词
例如:①His first shot failure,he fired again. 他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
②Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。
7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
例如:He lay at full length upon his stomach, his head resting upon his left forearm. 他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。
8.with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
例如:① The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。(without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式)
② Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式)
③The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。(with+名词/代词+动词不定式)
④ The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前,小孩在后走着。(with+名词/代词+副词)
⑤He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。(with+名词/代词+介词短语)
⑥With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。(with+名词/代词+形容词)
注意: 在with (without) 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。