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With an abundance of sun and wind, Spain is positioning itself as Europe's future leader in green hydrogen production to clean up heavy industries. But some energy experts express caution because this process relies on massive availability of zero-carbon electricity.

Green hydrogen is created when renewable energy sources power an electrical current that runs through water, separating its hydrogen and oxygen molecules (分子). The process doesn't produce planet-warming carbon dioxide, but less than 0.1% of global hydrogen production is currently created in this way.

The separated hydrogen can be used in the production of steel, ammonia (氨) and chemical products, all of which require industrial processes that are harder to stop fossil fuels. Hydrogen also can be used as a transportation fuel, which could one day transform the highly polluting shipping and aviation sectors.

Spain's large, windswept and thinly populated territory receives more than 2,500 hours of sunshine on average per year, providing ideal conditions for wind and solar energy, and therefore green hydrogen production.

"If you look at where hydrogen is going to be produced in Europe in the next million years, it's in two countries, Spain and Portugal," said Thierry Lepercq, the founder and president of HyDeal Ambition, an industry platform bringing together 30 companies. "Hydrogen is the new oil."

Lepercq is working with companies like Spanish gas pipeline corporation Enagas and global steel giant ArcelorMittal to design an end-to-end model for hydrogen production, distribution and supply at a competitive price. Criticism has centered on green hydrogen's higher cost compared with highly-polluting "gray hydrogen" drawn from natural gas. Lepercq argues that solar energy produced in Spain is priced low enough to compete.

Globally, Lepercq said, "Electricity is 20% of energy consumption. What about the 80% that is not electrified? ... You need to replace those fossil fuels. Not in 50 years' time. You need to replace them now."

1. （1） Why are some experts cautious about green hydrogen production in Spain?

   A . It needs large amounts of sun and wind. B . It has an effect on heavy industries. C . It causes conflicts among countries. D . It uses lots of zero-carbon electricity.
3. （2） What is the advantage of green hydrogen production in Spain?

   A . Ideal geographical conditions. B . The support from government. C . Hydrogen production technology. D . Well-developed public transports.
5. （3） What can be inferred about green hydrogen in Spain according to Lepercq?

   A . It is highly priced. B . It is easy to store. C . It is competitive. D . It is highly-polluting.
7. （4） What is the passage mainly about?

   A . Spain manages to use zero-carbon electricity. B . Spain struggles to lead EU in heavy industry. C . Spain takes the lead in preventing air pollution. D . Spain replaces fossil fuel with green hydrogen.

 What will the man do later?

 What could Mr. Hopkins probably be?

 How much will the woman pay for the glasses?

 What does the man want to do?

 What does the man mean?

 听录音，回答问题。

1. （1） What has the man been doing recently?

   A . Making TV shows. B . Acting in a film. C . Training dogs.
3. （2） What does the man think is mainly needed in his job?

   A . Patience. B . Skills. C . Talents.

 听录音，回答问题。

1. （1） How does the woman feel now?

   A . Excited. B . Upset. C . Angry.
3. （2） What did the woman do well?

   A . Driving uphill. B . Making turns. C . Parking.
5. （3） Why did the woman hit a car?

   A . She failed to use the handbrake. B . She didn't see it at all. C . She drove too fast.

 听录音，回答问题。

1. （1） Where are the speakers?

   A . At a travel agency. B . At a train station. C . At school.
3. （2） What is the most convenient way to travel around Europe?

   A . By car. B . By plane. C . By train.
5. （3） Which country are the two speakers both going to visit?

   A . Italy. B . Germany. C . France.

 听录音，回答问题。

1. （1） Where was the man born?

   A . In India. B . In Scotland. C . In Austria.
3. （2） What was the purpose of the man's travel?

   A . To look for his wife. B . To find out what he was interested in. C . To get more information about his mother.
5. （3） What has the man been doing since the 1970s?

   A . Making large objects used outdoors. B . Producing unique home-used objects. C . Doing experiments with different kinds of bowls.