阅读理解Campaigns to protect the natural world are getting increasingly ambitious. But although there is convincing evidence that protected areas prevent habitat loss, proof that they actually benefit wildlife is surprisingly scanty. Now, the first large study of its kind shows nature reserves can increase waterbird populations, but typically only if humans take an active role in their management. To understand the impact of nature reserves, conservation scientist Hannah Wauchope decided to analyze populations of waterbird species. First, the team identified 1506 protected areas that had population data from both before and after they were created. Then, they paired each reserve with one or more control sites — a similar patch of nearby habitat — that was unprotected. This setup helped the researchers understand how the protected area influenced bird populations. The researchers had hoped the analysis would clearly show protected areas benefit birds. However, only 27% of waterbird populations in protected areas increased after the creation of the reserve while 21% of populations were negatively impacted, compared with the control sites, after a reserve was established. A silver lining is that nearly half the studied groups neither grew nor shrank: At least those populations were stable. To figure out what was responsible for the population gains and losses, the team analyzed multiple factors, of which the most important was whether the site was specifically managed for waterbirds. That could mean keeping rivers and lakes at the right levels for the protected species, removing invasive weeds, or installing fencing to keep out invasive predators. "The modest success of these protected areas makes sense. " says Paul Ferraro, an environmental economist. In many policy contexts, he notes, most interventions work no better than the status quo. However, the new study's mixed results are what good science actually looks like and we need more studies like this one.
(1)
What does the underlined word "scanty" probably mean in the first paragraph?
A . Believable.
B . Solid.
C . Insufficient.
D . Conflicting.
(2)
What can we know about nature reserves from paragraph 3?
A . Nearly half of the waterbird populations are in a stable state.
B . A majority of the waterbird populations were negatively affected.
C Nature reserves increased the waterbird populations as expected.
D. Protected areas make much difference to the waterbird populations.
(3)
Which of the following is the leading cause of the failure of nature reserves?
A . Small size.
B . Human activities.
C . Invasive weeds.
D . Ineffective management.
(4)
Why are the environmental economist's words quoted?
A . To emphasize the value of the study.
B . To show the drawbacks of intervention.
C . To indicate the difficulty of more studies.
D . To express satisfaction about the status quo.
答案: C
A
D
A