科普环保类 知识点题库

   The ocean can be a great place to swim and play, it may also be useful in another way. Some scientists think that waves could help make electricity.
   “Have you ever been on a surfboard or boat and felt yourself being lifted up by a wave?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group in Scotland. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves.”
   Scientists are working on using that energy to make electricity. The United States and a few other countries have started doing research on wave energy, and it is already being used in Scotland.
   Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The winds start out by making little ripples (波纹) in the water, but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves,” Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature's ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”
   When waves come towards the coast, people can set up dams(大坝) to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine(涡轮). The turbine can then power an electrical generator(发电机).
   We will never run out of wave power. Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as oil and coal do.
   Oceans cover three quarters of the earth's surface. That would make wave power seem perfect for creating energy around the world. But there are some disadvantages that need us to pay more attention to.
   Jamie Taylor said that wave power still cost too much money. He said that its influence on animals in the sea is still unknown. Besides, wave power would get in the way of fishing and boat traffic.
   With more research, “Many of these problems might be solved,” Taylor said. “Finding more energy sources(资源) is very important, for traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may run out some day.”
   In the future, when you turn on a light button, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!

   Today there are 6 billion people on the earth. By the year 2050 there may be 12.5 billion. There will be a lot of people to feed. We need more food.
   One way to produce more food is by growing stronger plants. For thousands of years, farmers have made plants better. Every season, they pick the best plants for the next season. It works very slowly. Since 1983, scientists have been able to change plants more quickly by changing their genetic material(遗传物质). Foods from plants grown in this way are called genetically modified foods(转基因食品), or GM foods.
   By changing the genetic material of a plant, it is possible to make new plants. They make plants which are strong against plant diseases. They can also help in our diseases: a kind of rice is being prepared, for example, which stops people from becoming blind.
   Rich countries produce GM foods because they are easy to grow and bring in more money. Poor countries are interested in them because they help produce more food.
   GM plants are not natural. No one knows how good or bad they are. Making GM foods is only one way of feeding people in 2050. There are strong feelings against them, because they are unnatural. They may feed people, then hurt them or their children later. But, both rich and poor countries are very interested in their use, and they are not going to go away. In 2050 we may think differently about them.

根据短文内容, 判断下列句子的正误。

    Computer technology has become an important part of people's life. This technology has its own special words. One well-known computer word is Google. It's the name of a popular “search engineer(引擎)” for the Internet. People use the search engineer to find information about almost any subject on the Internet. The people who started the company named it Google because in math Google is a very large number-One hundred zeros follow the number one. When you “Google” a subject, you can get a lot of information about it.
    If you Google someone, you might find that person's name on a blog (博客). A blog is short for a Web log. It's a personal Web page. Some people write blogs to express their opinions and ideas over the Internet. Some use them to share their lives with faraway friends or family. Others write blogs to help them deal with sickness, money problems or to choose movies to see or books to read. Some people add information to their blogs every day. People who have blogs are called bloggers.

   A plant makes its own food in its leaves . Water comes to the leaves through the roots . Air gets into the leaves through very small holes . The green coloring in the leaves uses the water and air to make the food for the plant . It also needs sunshine because a plant can make food only when the sun is shining.
   Animals and people could not live without green plants . They both eat plants . People and some animals also eat the meat of some animals and these animals eat plant

       In order to know a foreign language thoroughly(完全地), four things are necessary. First, we must understand the language when we hear it spoken. Secondly, we must be able to speak it ourselves, correctly with confidence(自信) and without hesitation(犹豫). Thirdly, we must be able to write it. Finally, we must be able to make sentences that are correct in grammar.
       There is no short way to succeed in language learning. A good memory(记忆) is a great help, but it is not enough only to memorize the rules from a grammar book. It is no much use learning by heart long lists(一览表) of words and their meanings, studying the dictionary and so on. We must learn by using the language. If we are pleased with a few rules we have memorized, we are not really learning the language. We must "Learn through use". Practice is important. We must practice speaking and writing the language whenever(无论何时) we can.

根据短文内容选择正确答案。

    Many animals hide to stay alive. They hide in many ways. Some animals hide in leaves; some animals hide in snow. Usually their colors or shapes help protect them. It's hard to see an Arctic bear in snow. Its white fur helps protect it. Chameleons(变色龙) can hide by changing colors. Their skin turns the same color as what is around them. Some chameleons can change colors in five minutes.

    Many animals try to look bigger than they are to stay alive. Some animals can make other animals think they are very big. If they look very big, animals that are looking for food will run away. Bears can walk on two legs. They look very, very scary. Some animals will run away from them.

Many animals try to stay around other animals. This helps them stay alive. Zebras stay close together so that they can help each other look out of danger. Seeing many stripes at once can also confuse animals that want to eat them. Some birds stay in a circle, each toward a different direction. In this way they can also help each other stay alive by looking around for animals that many want to eat one of them.

根据短文理解选择正确答案。

    The word “day” has two meanings. When we talk about the number of days in a year, we are using “day” to mean 24 hours. But when we talk about day and night, we are using “day” to mean the time between sunrise and sunset. Since the earth looks like a ball, the sun can shine on only half of it at a time. Always one half of the earth is having day and the other half night. A place is moved from day into night and from night into day over and over by the spinning（旋转）of the earth. At the equator（赤道）day and night are sometimes the same length（长度）. They are each twelve hours long. The sun rises at 6 o'clock in the morning and sets at 6 o'clock in the evening. For six months the North Pole（北极）is tilted（倾斜）toward the sun. In those months the Northern Hemisphere（半球）gets more hours of sunlight than the Southern Hemisphere（半球）. Days are longer than nights. South of the equator nights are longer than days. For the other six months the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. Then the Southern Hemisphere gets more sunlight. Days are longer than nights. North of the equator nights are longer than days. Winter is the season of long nights. Summer is the season of long days.

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    Sixty years ago，human beings first reached the top of Mount Qomolangma， known as Mount Everest in the West. But the increase in climbers is turning the world's highest mountain into the “world's highest junkyard(垃圾场)”.

    Every year， more than 700 climbers spend nearly two months on Mount Qomolangma. They have left human waste and all kinds of rubbish， including oxygen bottles， broken tents， and plastic bags， according to Ang Tshering Sherpa， chief of the Nepal Mountaineering Association.

    “The waste has become a health danger to people in the area since they depend on water from rivers fed by the melting glaciers(融化的冰川)，” Sherpa said.

    More and more people have realized the danger that Mount Qomolangma is facing and they are now taking active actions. To deal with the problem， Nepal has supported a special team of explorers and volunteers to clean the mountain since 2008. So far they have brought down 15，000kg of rubbish. Nepal also started to ask each climber to bring down 8 kg of rubbish in 2014.

    On the Chinese side of the mountain， Tibet(西藏) will collect a cleaning fee of $100-200 (620-1240 yuan) per climber starting from this year. A program named “Mount Qomolangma Action at the Third Pole of the Earth” also started in 2004 to clear up the mountain.

    Hopefully， human beings will finally solve the problem， just as they found the way up the mountain successfully.

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    What is a museum? A museum is a good place to keep old and beautiful things. A museum may be a place to learn about science and a place to find out about art or people or animals.

    What is inside a museum? Some museums have old cars and airplanes. Many museums have pictures and statues(雕塑). Others have rocks and old bones (骨头). One museum even has a real old street inside. It has shops and people's statues doing business. It looks so real that one might feel that he was back to the old time.

    Many cities have museums. Some very small towns have museums, too. Indianapolis has a children's museum. Children do not have to pay (付款) to get in. Children often go to the museum. They like to look at the dinosaur (恐龙)bones. They see a white bear ten feet tall.

    On Saturdays, Indianapolis children can hear talks about animals and trees. They see movies. They take hikes. They even learn to make things there.

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    We choose food to eat every day．We might know some of the reasons for the choices，but food scientist Dr．

    Brian Wansink has found that we are unaware of 90% of our food decision．Here are some"big ideas"in his research on the hidden power that drives our eating．

    Food for thought

    In one of the studies，Dr．Wansink made volunteers eat chocolate yogurt in a dark room．He told them the yogurt was with a taste of strawberry even though they were all eating chocolate．Finally，65% of volunteers described the yogurt as having a"nice strawberry flavor!"

    The research shows that our imagination has an effect on our taste．If you expect a food to taste good，it will．So take a moment before you eat your unpleasant healthy food to remind yourself that you are eating delicious fish and chips．

    Our eyes eat first

    How your food looks is just as important as how it tastes．Dr．Wansink gave cakes to three groups of people．The cakes were exactly the same but served in different ways．

①Group one got the cake on a nice plate．

    ②Group two got the cake on a paper plate．

    ③Group three got the cake on a piece of paper．

    Dr．Wansink then asked the people how much they would pay for each cake．

    Dr．Wansink then asked the people how much they would pay for each cake．

    ①Group one who got the cake on a nice plate would pay $1.27．

    ②Group two who got the cake on a paper plate would pay 76 cents．

    ③Group three who got the cake on a piece of paper would pay 53 cents．

    Take some time to make your healthy food look amazing．Cut your fruit into a flower shape and put your colourful vegetables on nice plates．This works really well for your appetite （胃口）．

    Out of sight，out of stomach

    Dr．Wansink also found that when people sat at the desk full of snacks，they ate 71% more of snacks a day than those sitting near a clear table．We eat what we see．As a result，put all the unhealthy food in your fridge．

    Hide it and make it really hard to get to．The closer bad food is，the more you eat it．

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    A company says it has completed the first 3D-printed home recently. The home was shown to reporters and visitors at a music festival.

    The building company has developed large 3D- printers that build homes with mortar, a hard and strong material. It uses robotics, computer programs and advanced materials to make houses.

    Jason Ballard is the company's chief engineer. "So I'm standing in front of the first 3D-printed home in America. This house was actually printed in high winds, blowing dust and rain." It is important for the printing programmes to operate in bad weather conditions, such as weather disasters. The goal is to print homes in developing countries. So the printer has to be light enough to move from one property to the next.

    Ballard imagines that someday, many 3D-printers will operate around the world to make homes. "It's actually a lot more simple to build a printer than it is to build a house," he said. "We ran this printer at about a quarter speed to print this house, and completed it in about 48 hours of print time."

    The company developed this technology not to make money but to help provide a quick, cheap housing solution for the millions of people who need it most. There are about a billion people that don't have one of life's most basic human needs, and that's safe shelter.

    Ballard says his company already works on housing needs with poor families in different areas. But he says that to really make a difference, the program will need to be greatly improved. He added that since the 3D-printing process is so much faster than traditional homebuilding, a whole community could be built in just a few months. He believes over time, people can get the new home below $4,000 with the help of 3D-printers.

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    Imagine this. You come back from school and your robot housekeeper is already waiting for you at the door. He turns on the lights, air-conditioner and television. While you are having dinner, he cleans the floor. Before you go to sleep, he tells you the weather report, then reads you a bedtime story.

    Such thoughts are not just for stories. Now they can happen in the real world, as long as you have the robot Alpha 2. Alpha 2 was a star at the 2017 World Robot Conference(大会), which was held from August 23^rd to 27^th in Beijing. More than 150 universities and companies from across the world brought their robots to the event for show and sale. Some robots work in factories. Some robots go to outer space or under water for exploration. But the highlights(亮点)of the event were service robots.

    This kind of robot is the closest to our daily lives. From cleaning to teaching, music to sports, service robots have been used to do many kinds of jobs.

    Teo is a popular service robot, as well as an artist and music teacher. His 53 fingers help him play the piano well. He played John Lennon's song Imagine at the conference.

    There is another service robot called Bestic. It acts as a human arm to feed people with a spoon. It can be a good helper for little kids, the elderly and those with difficulties using their hands.

    The scientists believe that it may not be far when every family has at least one service robot.

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    Imagine a perfect day: the weather is good and everything seems fine. When, suddenly, your mobile phone loses its signal, the television has no programs, and you can't get online with your computer.

    What has happened? These are just the types of problems a solar storm(太阳风暴) might cause. You may not think of storms as putting our society in danger. But today, a solar storm is as serious as other bad events, such as earthquakes.

    A solar storm is caused by solar flares (太阳耀斑) :large explosions (爆炸) near the sun that can give off lots of energy. The strong energy can stop the satellite systems (卫星系统) that control our computers, telecom networks and so on. These storms can even cause the power to go out for weeks or months.

    In the past few months, scientists have recorded some of the strongest sun flares in years. The most recent one happened around Valentine's Day, 2011. It caused radio and satellite signals to go down in some northern cities in China.

    "Solar flare activity is going to be much worse than what we've seen in the past. We're not talking about a few cities losing power, it could be half of the country, maybe more," SolarStorm Warning.com, a US website about space weather, warned.

    Scientists say that little can be done to predict such a storm. Governments around the world are trying to work together before the next storm, although they are not sure when that may happen.

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    Anyone who has had a long-term illness knows that recovering at home can be boring. This can be especially true for children. They may feel cut off from their friends and classmates. Now, these children may have a high-tech friend to help feel less lonely. That friend is a robot.

    The robot is called Avatarl (AV1). It takes their place at school. Through the robot, the children can hear their teachers and friends. They can also take part in classes from wherever they are recovering. And the children's school friends must help. They carry the robot between classes and place the robot in the classroom.

    A Norwegian(挪威的) company called “No Isolation” created the robot. There are another two co-founders, Karen Dolva and Marious Aabel. Dolva explains how the robot works. She says from home the child uses an iPad or a phone to start it, control the robot's movements with touch and talk through it. The child can take part in classroom activities. The robot is equipped with speakers, microphones and cameras that make communication easy. So it's the eyes, the ears and the voice of the child at school. Inside AV1 there is a small computer connected to a 4G network.

    AV1 is designed to be tough. It won't allow water to pass through it and can take a fall from a desk without damage. AV1 is large and looks like a human for a reason. Dolva says it can't be just a tiny camera because the other kids can't pick it up and take it with them. This is important because the robot is supposed to be a friend to the children. Hopefully AV1 will help some children feel less lonely while they were absent from class.

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    The years from A.D 500 to 1450 are called the Middle ages. Sometimes they are also called the Dark Ages since few people had an education during that time. Still, there were lots of new ideas and inventions. Many of them came from China.

Paper Money     In 1023. the first government—printed (政府印制的) paper money was printed in China. Before that, paper money had been printed just by companies. Marco polo was an Italian explorer who went to China. He wrote about paper Money. Paper money did not become popular in Europe Until Sweden began printing it in 1601.

Movable type printing machine     Bi Sheng Made the first movable type printing machine in China in the 1000s. Before this， people had to make copies of books by writing out the whole book by hand.

Magnetic(磁的)compass     A compass is usually used to tell you what direction you are going. The Magnetic compass was first used by the Chinese around A.D 200. But at that time， people mainly used it for telling what would happen to them in the future. They began using it for sailing around the year 1000.

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    Populations of white-tailed deer(白尾鹿) are growing rapidly in many parts of the United States. As populations grow, food becomes a problem. Many deer die of hunger. Others grow up small and unhealthy. In search of food, hungry deer move closer to where humans live. They eat farm crops, vegetables and even trees. Besides, increased numbers of deer near roads can cause traffic accidents.

    People admire the grace and fast speed of deer. Most people don't want these animals to be hungry and ill. Should people take action to control the growing deer populations?

Should People Take Direct Action?

    Many people think that hunting(打猎) is the best way to control the animal populations. Wildlife managers will see if there's enough food in an area and decide its carrying capacity(容量). Then hunters with licenses are sent to help control the number of deer. Hunting is usually not allowed in cities or suburbs, however.

    Some people have the idea to catch the deer and move them to other places. But this method is expensive and requires finding another place that can accept the deer without breaking the balance of ecosystem(生态系统).

    Scientists are also working to develop chemicals(化学药品) to control the birth rate(率) in deer populations. But this plan works for only one year at a time.

Should People Take Indirect Action?

    Some suggest bringing in natural enemies of deer, such as wolves, lions and bears, to areas with too many deer. But these animals could also hurt dogs, cats, and even humans. Other communities have built tall fences(篱笆) around areas to keep out the deer. However, this is impossible for farmers.

   ▲  

    Some people are against any kind of action. They support leaving the deer alone. Animal populations in an area naturally go up and down over time. Doing nothing means that some deer will die of hunger or illness. But finally, the population will reach a size within the carrying capacity(容量) of the environment. So, let nature go its own way.

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    Most of us spend all day at school or work. After a long and busy day, all we want to do is return to a comfortable home. Smart technology can turn any home into a nicer place to live in.

    Smart homes have been around for some time. Scottish company Pico Electronics invented a type of technology called X10 in 1975. It allows household devices (设备), such as lights and alarms, to communicate with each other by using radio waves, according to AV Sytems Mag, a specialized magazine in the audiovisual and automation (视听及自动化) industry.

    Of course, 5G network connectivity has made smart homes more convenient. Perhaps the most widespread smart home technology is the voice-activated assistant (语音激活助手). Google Home and Amazon's Alexa allow users to control nearly any device in their home simply by speaking a few words. This is especially convenient for people with physical disabilities, as they can finish tasks that would normally be too difficult, according to How-To Geek.

    Common household appliances (家用电器) can become "smart" as well. For example, a smart trash bin can memorize all the things you've thrown away and offer you a shopping list online, while a smart fridge can create dinner recipes (菜谱) based on the vegetables that are being kept inside, according to How Stuff Works.

    But it's not just about convenience. Smart homes are also good for the environment. By regularly checking your energy use and automatically turning off lights and other devices that you're not using, smart homes can lower how much electricity you use overall. Using less energy means that we make less pollution, which is good for the environment.

    Not everyone is excited about smart home. In fact, ...

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    In English, feeling "blue" means feeling sad. But in 2020, the word "blue" could mean something more positive.

    The Pantone Color Institute in the US predicts color trends every year. For 2020, it has chosen "classic blue", a color that reminds people of the sky at dusk. The reason is that it brings "calmness, confidence and connection," according to Pantone. As Pantone Vice President Laurie Pressman said, "The color of classic blue makes you feel comfortable and relaxed as well as calm and confident."

    Imagine that you are lying down on the ground and looking at the evening sky. It will make you feel calm and relaxed, as well as make you think on a deeper level. Pantone said that classic blue connects people everywhere as we all look up at our shared sky. "This is a color we can relate to (引起共鸣) around the world, no matter where we live. We look outside the door and we see this color," Pressman said.

    Classic blue also plays into the sustainability (可持续性) movement, as it reminds us of tines when things were simpler and more comfortable.

    "Like blue jeans, it's always there and you're comfortable with it," said Pressman, who referred to classic blue as a "timeless shade". If the color is never out of style, people won't throw "classic blue" things away. We can buy less and save resources.

    So if you want to add some new things to your wardrobe, choose something blue to keep up with the latest trend.

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    Are robots going to take over the world? This was one of the biggest fears people had about the development of technology. But since then, those fears have been largely replaced by COVID-19. Now, more and more people are beginning to regard robots as a useful solution for social distancing problems.

    Robots have been used for years, even though you might not connect these tasks with robots. ATMs in banks are common examples of everyday robots. There are many companies using robots even before the pandemic (疫情). Robots have also been used for tasks considered dangerous.

    Among COVID-19 conditions, new robots are being tested in many fields. At McDonald's and other fast-food restaurants, robots are being tried as waiters and even cooks. Restaurants are using robots to send their food safely to homes of old people because they're at high risk from COVID-19. Disinfection (消毒) robots have been developed to fight against COVID-19 in Qingdao, Shandong Province. They can replace human beings in carrying on the responsibility of disinfection. These newly developed disinfection robots have been put into operations in the quarantine wards (隔离病房) of some hospitals.

    The arguments against robots include the loss of human jobs and the idea that machines could control our lives. But now that COVID-19 has changed the world, more people will likely be accepting robots. The situation now is showing us how technology can be used to improve the world.

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    Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.

    A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols made up of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.

    Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.

    After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, showing that they were performing a calculation(计算), not just remembering the value of each combination.

    When the team studied the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.

    "This shows that there is a certain way number is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. "But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one. "