科普环保类 知识点题库

     A serious earthquake can be a terrible experience, and it is easy to forget safety measures(措施) in disorder(混乱). Fortunately, most earthquake safety measures are common sense, but if you forget everything else, re­member the following instructions: drop, cover, and hold on. Also, most of earthquake deaths hap­pen after the earthquake, so remember that the danger does not end when the shaking does!

     If you stay indoors during an earthquake, move away from unsupported areas and windows. Try to get under a doorway or another area of the building which is held up by strong beams(梁).  Stay under a table or desk only if it is very strong. Do not rush to lifts, because it is far safer to stay where you are. Cover your head with your arms around it and curl (蜷缩) into a ball, and wait for the shaking to stop.

     If you stay outdoors during an earthquake, move to an area which is as open as possible. Don't move to build­ings, electric poles and other objects which may fall during an earthquake and injure you. Protect your head and stay low to the ground till the shaking ends and it is safe to move.

     After an earthquake, many buildings are less strong, although they appear safe. If you stay indoors, move people from the building quickly and help disabled or injured people. Once outdoors, move well away from the building so that if it falls down, you will not be injured. Wait till public safety officials an­nounce that it is safe to stay indoors.

     By planning ahead and keeping calm during an earthquake, you can greatly increase your chances of survival(生存) without injury.

    Many strong and out-of-control emotions are recognized as an illness. People who are always very sad have depression (抑郁症); those who worry a lot have anxiety.
    But what about anger problems? Anger is largely viewed as a secondary emotion – one caused by other emotions. People are thought to be angry because they are sad, anxious or stressed. In the past, many doctors didn't accept the idea that anger could be a problem all on its own.
    Today, though, a growing number of mental health experts think that anger is a serious problem that needs its own treatment.
How to tell the difference between "normal" anger and "anger problem" is difficult. After all, everyone gets really mad from time to time. Experts point out a few ways.
    Disordered anger, as it is sometimes called, tends to be of greater intensity (强度). It takes very little to set off a person with an anger problem, and their responses (反应) are very strong. An example: While most people would get upset if a driver cut them off, someone with disordered anger might try to chase down the car and force it off the road.
    And in cases of disordered anger, the person gets angry more frequently and his/her anger lasts longer. For most people, angry feelings disappear quickly. But people with anger problems often stay angry for days, weeks or even years; their feelings of anger don't disappear over time.
     Consequences are also important to consider: Disordered anger often damages people's lives. “It interferes (干扰) with people's relationships and their jobs,”says Raymond Chip Tafrate, a US psychologist. “Even their health is affected.”
Anger clearly increases the risk of certain health problems, as many studies have shown. “When a person is angry, their heart beats faster and their blood pressure goes up,”says Howard Kassinove, a professor at Hofstra University in New York. Over time, these changes take their toll on the body, he adds.
    Experts suggest that people with an anger problem take anger-management programs. The programs teach people to control their responses to stressful situations through the use of relaxation techniques. The programs sometimes include life-skills training as well: increasing someone's level of competence (竞争)– whether on the job or as a parent or partner – helps bring down stress and cut angry feelings.

根据短文内容，选择正确答案。

    Do you know a kind of bird called tawny owl? Where does it come from? It comes from Finland (芬兰). What color is it? It is brown. Are all the tawny owls brown? No. Tawny owls come in two colors: pale gray and brown. And in Finland, it often snowed in winter. Many tawny owls were pale gray. But as the Finnish (芬兰的)winters get warmer, there are more brown ones. Why is that?

    The University of Helsinki team tries to study tawny owls. They find that tawny owls get the color from their parents. The gray owls could get food easily in the snow in the past. But now the winter is warmer. There is little snow so the brown owls can live well, too. The number of the owls is getting bigger.

    The leader of the team, Dr Patrick Karell, said that the birds change their color to meet the weather. We are sure the weather change can do something to the animals.

阅读下面短文, 从每小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

    Wikipedia is an online free encyclopedia. There are more than 38 million articles about society, history, culture, music, science, technology, geography and so on. On this website, people can find articles about almost everything in the world. Wikipedia has also developed 292 language versions for people to read in their own languages.

    Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger started this encyclopedia project on 9th March, 2000. It was called Nupedia at first. And all the articles were written and checked by experts. Wales thought that the website should be a place where its users could not only find information but also share what they knew. So they tried to use a wiki system（wiki is a Hawaiian word "wee kee wee kee" which firstly meant "quick"）. On 10th January, 2001, they began a new project to improve Nupedia. On 15th January, 2001, the new online encyclopedia named Wikipedia was set up. Wikipedia achieved a great success.

According to the Alexa Traffic Rank report on 22nd May, 2016, Wikipedia is the seventh most popular website in the world. Every single user helps to make this popular free encyclopedia.

根据短文内容，完成表格。

    Do you often think of life in the future? Will we study at home? Will we have robots? Will we fly to the moon easily? Everyone may have his or her views about that. Life in the future will be very different from life today. Between then and now many changes will take place, but what will the changes be?

    There will be changes in our food. Maybe no one will eat meat. Instead, people will eat more fruit and vegetables. People will stay away from junk food. Maybe people will be healthier.

    Computers will be small and useful. Maybe we will even put the computers into our pockets(口袋). There will be at least two computers in every home. And computer studies will be one of the most important subjects at school.

    Work in the future will be different, too. Dangerous and hard work can be done by robots. People will work fewer hours than they do now. And they will have more free time for sports, watching TV and traveling.

Life in the Future
Food	● People will eat more healthy food.
	● People will stay away from  .
Computers	● Computers will be small. We will even put the computers  .
	● There will be at least two computers in every home.
	● Computer studies will be important.
	● Robots will do  work.
	● People will have enough free time to  , watch TV and travel.

阅读下列短文，从下面每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

Is there intelligent life on other planets? For years, scientists said "no" or "we don't know." But today this is changing. Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett are astronomers (天文学家). They believe intelligent life exists somewhere in the universe. They also think we will soon contact these beings．

Why do Shostak and Barnett think intelligent life exists on other planets? The first reason is time．Scientists believe the universe is about 12 billion years old．"This is long enough for other planets to have intelligent life， “say Shostak and Barnett．The second reason is size—the universe is huge．“Tools like the Hubble Telescope(哈勃望远镜)have shown that there age at least 100 billion galaxies，”says Shostak．“And our galaxy，the Milky Way，has at least 100 billion stars．Some planets going around these stars might be similar to Earth．”

In the past，it was hard to took for signs of intelligent life in the universe，But now. powerful telescopes(高倍望远镜)allow scientists to discover smaller planets—the size of Mars or Earth—in other solar systems．These planets might have intelligent life．

    Have beings from space already visited Earth?“Probably not．”says Shostak．“It's a long way away．However，intelligent beings may contact us in other way，such as radio signals．In fact，they may be trying to communicate with us now，but we don't have the right tools to receive their messages．However，this is changin9．By 2025，we could make contact with other life forms in our universe and we might help each other．”

阅读理解

    Life in the future will be different from life today.

    The population(人口) is growing fast. There will be more people in the world and most of them will live longer.

    Computer will be much smaller and more useful, and there will be at least one in each home. And computer science will be one of the most important subjects in school then. 

    People will work fewer hours than they do now, and they will have more free time for sports, watching TV and travel.

    Our food will be different, too. More land(土地) will be used for building new towns and houses for people. So there will be less land for cows and sheep, and meat will be more expensive. Maybe no one will eat it one day. They will eat more fruits and vegetables. 

    Work in the future will also be different. Robots will do dangerous and hard work. Because of this, many people will have no jobs to do. This will be a big problem in the future.  

根据短文内容，回答下列问题。

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

B

    In 2017, when the high speed train. Furing, left Beijing for shanghai at a speed of 350 km/h, it amazed the world. It is China's newest high-speed train and also the fastest train in the world.

    There were 2, 959 high-speed trains running across China by 2016. They make up60 percent of the world's total high- speed trains. Chinese companies have also built more than 10 high-speed railways in Europe, Southeast Asia and South America. And the high speed trains has become a new name card for China.

    Besides the high-speed trains, many other innovations(创新)have also changed people's lives in China.

    For example, though bike sharing is not new itself China has made it much more convenient. And popular. When the Chinese bike sharing companies reached Singapore and Britain months ago, users there excited and couldn't wait to post photos of themselves riding the bikes on social media(媒体).

    Cashless payment has become a lifestyle choice in China it is common that people in China go shopping with no cash(现金)in pockets. Many people just pay with their bile phones by scanning a quick respond code(QR，二维码)from the seller. Even a person selling vegetables has a QR code.

    Many foreigners have experienced lives without carrying any cash in China. They say they can't do it when they are back home in Europe.

    China is now in a great time. It has made great achievements in innovation. They are true pictures of national strength. It seems that China is really leading in some ways. And Chinese people have every reason to believe in an even brighter future.

阅读下列短文，从下面每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

    Wouldn't it be funny if your mum said to you, "It's time for bed, honey. It's almost November!" Well, if you were a baby bear, your mother might let you know it's time to go into a deep sleep around October.

    That "deep sleep" is called "hibernation (冬眠)". When it gets cold, bears have to go into hibernation. By taking this long sleep, they can get through the cold months when the food, like berries (浆果) and nuts, cannot be found easily.

    Have you ever heard someone say that they are as hungry as a bear? Bears need to eat a lot of food before hibernating. They eat so much that they may put on forty pounds of fat in a week. During the winter "bears will live off the fat stored in their bodies. Bears are able to do that because their bodies use a lot less energy during hibernation. Their heartbeats slow down, their breathing slows down, and their body temperature drops.

    If you were going to sleep all winter, wouldn't you want to be in a safe and protected place? That is what a bear wants, so it looks for a cave to sleep in. It makes a bed using grass, leaves and twigs (嫩枝). The bear usually starts to hibernate as early as October and doesn't wake up until April or May. By the time the bear wakes up, it will have lost much of the fat. But spring time will bring much food to enjoy until it is time to hibernate again in the autumn.

阅读理解

    Do you know the way of using wind power to make electricity? There are many advantages({优点) of using wind to make electricity. Here're some of them.

    First, it may be one of the cheapest ways to make electricity. Second, it can make and store hydrogen gas. The most important one is that it won't pollute the environment. Besides, the wind power can be reusable.

    But large wind farms might kill birds too, because birds always fly into the wind turbine(风力涡轮机). Scientists are looking for ways to stop it.

    Experts said that by the middle of the 21st century, wind power could supply more than 10% of the world's electricity. Wind really helps us a lot.

阅读理解

    Both seasonal flu, a disease like a very bad cold, and much larger pandemics, like the one caused by H7N9（禽流感） in 2013, are the result of a race between the flu virus  and the immune system which can protect people from illness. Here's how it works.

    Viruses, which cause pandemics, have two important proteins "haemagglutinin(H) and neuraminidase(N).H helps the virus go into a cell .N helps new virus break out of that cell .They are parts of a virus that may be known and dealt with by the immune system

    A flu virus attacks a host cell in order to reproduce itself. But the virus created out of it is quite different now. The virus's genetic material is copied with low fidelity. That difference produces virus which immune system does not always know and deal with immediately. Each year's seasonal virus is therefore a little bit different, and thus requires an updated vaccine to prevent people from getting that disease.

    Pandemics viruses have bigger changes in this process .Many hosts' defences are unprepared for such big changes, which happen three or four times a century .The 1918 pandemics was caused by viruses carrying H1 and N1.Anotber two pandemics in 1957 and 1968 were caused by viruses carrying H2and H3 together with N2.They are numbered by scientists. Much of this change goes on outside humans. A flu is usually from sick binds. Sometimes a bird-flu appears with materiel that enable it to spread among people .The H7N9 is recently worrying scientists in the health center.

    The flu virus sometimes jumps directly from a bird(often a chicken) to a person, but more usually passes through a pig The cells in bird and human are built differently, It means us that the virus needs different sets of material to attack them .Pig cells have features of both so that it can act as a platform in which the virus can fit from one to the other .Even after it has made humans ill, a virus cannot go ca to cause a pandemic unless it also gets the ability to pus easily between people, Luckily, this is something H7N9 has yet to do.

阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

    After years of research and testing, the hybrid car was developed and put on the market. It's an interesting and exciting new improvement in today's world as we look for better ways to protect the quality of the air we breathe and save our natural resources.

    The quality of our air is affected by many different things. But one of the largest sources of air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline which is used to power a car's engine. The EPA has set national standards to help control the level of harmful pollutants sent off into the air, and the automobile industry has acted by producing a hybrid car that uses less gas and therefore causes less pollution.

    A hybrid car is a combination of a regular car that runs on gasoline and an electric car that is battery powered. Some people tend to think that since the hybrid car is partially electric, you have to plug it in to charge it. But that's not how it works. The 144 volt battery pack is actually recharged through the energy that is produced when the car's brakes are used. This is referred to as "regenerative braking", because it produces electricity.

    Although the hybrid car still runs on gasoline most of the time, this helps it use less gas than a regular car. When the driver stops at a traffic light, the engine automatically shuts off to save fuel. Then, as soon as the driver puts the car in gear and touches the gas pedal, the engine starts back up.

    Have you ever ridden in a car with someone who ran out of gas? That probably wouldn't happen if you were riding in a hybrid car. It flashes a warning on its computer screen that says, "I am low on gas". When it completely runs out, the warning reads, "YOU ARE NOW OUT OF GAS!" Then the electric power supply kicks in to let the driver travel a few more miles to a gas station.

阅读理解

    It took 13 years of international effort to map the human biological blueprint of all the genes (基因) that make us different people. The first rough draft (草图) made in 2000. The last of our 23 chromosomes (染色体) was clearly described in 2006. Ever since then, the age of personal genetic testing has been upon us. Since that time, a growing number of private companies have come on the market mostly through the Internet, offering to scan your personal DNA and compare it to some disease markets of the blueprint, called DTC genetic tests.

    But over the last five years the medical world has been discussing excitedly about whether these DTC tests are helpful or harmful, scientifically believable or completely useless. One of the usual criticisms (批评) is that the science is so new that no one really knows yet how to explain the information.

    "At present they largely remain in the period of research studies," notes Dr. Greg Ferro, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute. Ferro says there are two reasons." The first is that when they offer a test, are they really checking what they should check? And then the next is that even if it is believable, does what the test is checking really mean anything to your health?"

    Other worries include the privacy of the results and how your personal genetic information might be used by insurance (保险) companies to refuse your insurance or your boss to dismiss you. Or you could learn information with a huge social or personal impact (冲击), such as finding out that genetically you cannot possibly be the father of your child. It can also give you risks that may break your life, such as whether you are at high risk of cancer, Parkinson or other terrible diseases.

    Criticisms over the tests are such that some countries, such as Germany, have banned them. In 2011, some scientists advised the US government that most tests should be done under the guidance of medical professionals (专家). The UK government also expressed its worries about DTC genetic tests and in August 2010 made a set of rules to guide the development of genetic tests.

    In 2011, three medical researchers published a review article in the International Journal of Clinical Practice, saying that such tests offered more risks than benefits. The most important reason is that the tests might create worries or unreal results or drive unnecessary medical treatments. They also noted some of the genetic information the tests are based on at present is far from being perfect.

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    Birds are people's friends. Our city holds a" Love Birds Week" every spring to protect birds. The week lasts from March 2nd to 8th. The city is near the sea and it's a place with many hills and forests. It's a perfect place for birds. Most wild birds come here for a short stay while they are flying south in winter.

    Birds in our city are still in trouble. People often catch them for food and fun. In many restaurants in our city, eating birds is popular and it usually costs much money. This is why more people kill birds. They make money by selling birds. In the Forest Park, even during the "Love Birds Week" last year, people could see someone hunt birds now and then.

    This year the government wanted to offer a better home to birds. So during this year's" Love Birds Week", many teenagers went to the street to give out leaflets. Now more and more people understand better that they should treat birds in a more helpful way. More and more people get to know that loving birds means loving themselves now. They all learn a lot from "Love Birds Week". This is a good news for birds.

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    What do you do when you feel unhappy? Do you listen to music? Do you talk to a friend?

    Maybe next time you feel sad, you should try going outside if it is sunny. Doctors know that how much sunlight we get can change how we feel. Scientists learned this by interviewing people who live in different parts of the world. In the far north, in Alaska or Finland, for example, the days are very short in the winter. People living in these places say that they often feel unhappy in the winter. In the south, where there are more daylight hours, fewer people say they are unhappy in the winter. The reason is the amount (数量) of sunlight these people get each day. Sunlight changes the chemicals (化学物) in our bodies, and these chemicals can change the way we feel. A couple of hours of strong sunlight or light from a special lamp can help your body make the chemicals that make us feel happy.

    Another way to feel happier is to get some exercise. Just like sunlight, regular exercise helps our bodies make certain chemicals, which make us feel happier. In addition, exercise helps people sleep better and lack of sleep often makes people feel unhappy. Exercise also helps you get rid of stress. When you are angry or upset about something, exercise is a good way to get those bad feelings out of you.

阅读理解

    Here is a page from a magazine called Future. Read the following information about things that may happen in ten years.

    Cars will run on solar power (太阳能) and will be much cleaner. They will be much safer. For example, if you are too close to another car or if you are driving dangerously, your car will slow down or stop by itself.

    New cities will have to be built in the sea. Some cities on water will have two levels(层). People will live on the upper level; the lower level will be used for traffic, shops and factories.

    Biotechnology(生物技术) will make food better and healthier. Plants without insects or illnesses (病虫害) will be developed. The taste of fruit and vegetables will be better and food will be kept longer.

    Many new ways to cure(治愈) illnesses will be found. People will use products of genetic engineering (基因产品) to cure more illnesses. However, some new illnesses will appear.

阅读理解

    Ever feel like no one really understands you well? "Pepper" could be about to change all that. Pepper is the first robot to read human feelings. Using its emotion recognition functions(情 感识别功能), Pepper can react to people when they are near them--making jokes, dancing and even singing in Japanese.

    The man-like robot looks like a small girl. It is four-feet tall with a tablet computer(平板电脑)set to its chest. It has human-like hands, a girl-like body and baby-like voice. It was shown to curious people in Tokyo stores on Friday by Softbank, a Japanese robotics company.

    Pepper can examine facial expressions(面部表情), human voice and signs, then make an answer. Pepper is able to communicate about everything from the weather to more serious topics like the latest information in the stock(股票) markets. Yet the great difference is that Pepper can make eye contact when meeting people.

    The creators believe that robots like Pepper will make a great difference to our daily lives as the PC, Internet and mobile phones did. Pepper is designed to be a family robot, but it isn't like Rosie who can do housework on the cartoon. Pepper gets power from love inside a family. It can not only make jokes and make people laugh but also help people in natural disasters and comfort those people who are sad or lonely, encourage them or make them laugh.

    Pepper went on sale in Japan for around $2, 000 in February 2015. For now，several Peppers are at Softbank stores in Tokyo for people to visit. The creators said they wanted the robots to store more knowledge, to do better in getting along with human.

阅读理解

    Getting electricity has always been a problem for the 173 people living in Nuevo Saposoa, a small village in Peru, South America. However, things went from bad to worse in March 2015 after heavy rains damaged the only power cables in the area. The villagers were forced to use oil lamps, which are not only expensive but also dangerous because of the harmful gases they produce.

    Luckily, researchers at the University of Technology (UT) in Lima, Peru heard about their problem and found a wonderful solution. They made a lamp that can be powered by plants and soil, both of which can be easily found in the Amazonian rainforest where the village lies. The lamp takes energy from a plant growing in a wooden box and uses it to light up an LED light bulb.

    While that may sound amazing and even impossible, the science behind the ides is quite simple. As plants create their food (using the sun's energy, water and chemicals from the soil), they also produce waste which they return to the soil. Tiny animals in the soil eat this waste and they produce electrons – the building blocks of electrical energy. The UT team put special sticks inside the soil to capture the energy and keep it in the lamp's batteries for later use. The researchers say a single charge can power a 50-watt Led light for two hours - enough time for local villagers to get their evening work done.

    The university gave ten Plant Lamps to the villagers of Nuevo Saposoa in October 2015. So far, they have been a huge success! Elmer Ramirez, the UT professor who invented the lamp, believes the Plant Lamp could help improve the lives of many people, especially small rainforest communities, 42% of whom have no electricity.

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    It's sad to learn that a whale has died in the ocean. However, that's not the end for the whale. It has a lot to give to other sea animals after death.

    When a whale dies, it quickly sinks (下沉) to the bottom of the ocean floor. There, the whale body provides food and nutrients (营养) to deep-sea animals, which are often hungry for food. The remains can last for hundreds of years and create a complex ecosystem called a whale fall (鲸落).

Chinese scientists found a whale fall for the first time in the South China Sea during a deep-sea expedition (考察) carried out by oceanic research vessel (舰) Tansuo-1, which finished its expedition on April 2, 2020. Tansuo-1 carried the manned submersible (潜水器) Shenhai Yongshi, which is able to dive to a depth of 4,5000 meters.

The whale fall in the South China Sea is about three meters long. Scientists have found several species (物种) of shrimp and fish near the whale fall. Some fish have started to eat the whale's tail. The whale fall might be quite recent and needs long-term observation (观察), according to Xie Wei, a scientist who took part in the expedition.

The whale fall ecosystem can exist in the deep ocean because great pressure and cold temperatures there prevent body from decomposing too quickly. But the depth also makes it hard for scientists to discover them. There are about 50 known whale falls in the world.

By studying the whale fall, scientists can better understand how marine (海洋的) ecosystems support life and how to protect biodiversity (生物多样性) resources in the deep sea.

阅读理解

    If English means endless new words, difficult grammar and sometimes strange pronunciation, you are wrong. Haven't you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language?

    According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter. This is the area of the brain which processes information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles (肌肉).

    The study also found the effect (效果) is greater when the younger people learn a second language. A team led by Dr. Andrea Mechelli, from University College London, took a group of Britons who only spoke English. They were compared with a group of "early bilinguals" who had learnt a second language before the age of five, as well as a number of later learners. Scans showed that grey matter density (密度) in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language. But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language, the smaller the difference. "Our findings suggest that the structure (结构) of the brain is changed by the experience of learning a second language," said the scientists.

    It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn. Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales, has researched the link between bilingualism and math skills. "Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible (灵活的)," he said. "You are actually going beyond language and have a better understanding of different ideas."

    The findings had the same result in a study of native Italian speakers who had learned English as a second language between the ages of two and thirty-four. Reading, writing, and comprehension were all tested. The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better. "Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world," explained the scientists.