科普环保类 知识点题库

    In old times，man considered lightning to be one of the great mysteries（神秘事物）of nature．In fact a single flash of lightning 1.6 kilometers long has enough electricity to light one million lamps．
    The American scientist，Benjamin Franklin，was the first to suggest that lightning is in fact electricity formed between the earth and clouds high above．It happened in 1752．In the same year，he also built the first lightning rod（避雷针）to protect buildings from being struck by lightnings．
    Modern science has discovered that lightning is very strong and powerful．A lightning between a cloud and the earth may be as long as 13 kilometers，and travels at a speed of 30 million meters per second．Scientists have the opinion that there are about 2000 million flashes of lightning per year．In the United States alone，it kills almost one person per day．
    The safest place to be in during an electrical（电的）storm is a closed car．Outside，one should go close to low ground for cover and not stop under a tree．Also one should stay out of water and away from metal fences．Inside a house people should keep away from open doorways and windows and not touch wires or metal things．

For several years, Americans have enjoyed teleshopping—watching TV and buying things by phone.Now teleshopping is starting in Europe (欧洲).In a number of European countries, people can turn on their TVs and shop for clothes, jewelry, food, toys, and many other things.
Teleshopping is becoming popular in Sweden, for example.The biggest Swedish company sells different kinds of things on TV in 15 European countries, and in one year it made ＄100 million.In France there are two teleshopping channels, and the French spend about ＄20 million a year to buy things through these channels.
In Germany, until last year teleshopping was only possible on one channel for 1 hour every day.Then the government allowed (允许) more telepshopping.Other channels can open for telebusiness, including (包括) the largest American teleshopping company and a 24-hour teleshopping company.German businessmen are hoping this new teleshopping will help them sell more things.
Some people like teleshopping because it allows them to do their shopping without leaving their homes.With all the problems of traffic in the cities, this is an important reason.But at the same time, other Europeans do not like this new way of shopping.They call teleshopping “junk (垃圾) on the air”.Many Europeans usually worry about the quality (质量) of the things for sale on TV.Good quality is important to them, and they believe they cannot be sure about the quality of the things on TV.
The need for high quality means that European teleshopping companies will have to be different from the American companies.They will have to be more careful about the quality of the things they sell.They will also have to work harder to sell things that the buyers cannot touch or see in person.

   Life in the future will be different from life today. Between then and now many changes will happen.But what will the changes be?
The population (人口) is growing fast.There will be many people in the world and most of them will live longer than people live now.
Computers will be much smaller and more useful, and there will be at least (至少) one in every room. And computer studies will be one of the important subjects in schools then. People will work fewer hours than they do now and they will have more free time for sports, watching TV and travel.Traveling will be much cheaper and easier. And many more people will go to other countries for holidays.
There will be changes in our food, too. More land will be used for building new towns and houses for all the people. Then there will be less room for cows and sheep, so meat will be more expensive. Maybe no one will eat it every day. Instead they will eat more fruit and vegetables. Maybe people will be healthier. Work in the future will be different, too. Robots will do dangerous and hard work. Because of this, many people will not have enough work to do. This will be a problem.

   When people want to know about the weather, they usually go to their radios, TVs, newspapers, or to the Internet. However, you can also find many weather signs among wildlife, because of their highly developed senses. Drops in air pressure produce an effect on small animals in many ways. Mice and deer are good weather indicators. People who spend a lot of time outdoors have observed that, before a storm, field mice come out of their holes and run around. Deer leave high ground and come down from the mountains.
   Birds are especially good weather indicators because they also show the effect of a pressure drop in many ways. For example, some birds become irritable(暴躁) and quarrelsome and will fight over a piece of bread. Other birds chirp and sing just before a storm. It seems they know they won't get another chance for an hour or two. Birds also look for safe places before a storm. You will sometimes see birds settling in trees or gathering together on a wire close to a building. Pre-storm low pressure make the air so thin that birds have difficulty flying.
   It is unusual to see many birds flying overhead in the summertime, rather than during the periods in the spring or autumn. Watch for other weather signs if you see this. If they fly in the wrong direction, they may be flying ahead of a storm.
   By paying closer attention to some important signs in nature, we can become better prepared for any kind of weather.

   Being safe in your everyday life needs knowledge. you remember the following information，your life will be much safer.
● Always notice the environment around you. You shouldn't walk alone outside late at night. Make sure where the public phones are. If anything dangerous happens，you can find them easily.
●Your bag should be carried towards the front of your body instead of putting it on your back。When a bus is full of people，it is easy enough for a thief to take away the things in the bag on your back.
●If you are followed by someone you don't know, cross the street and go to the other way, let the person understand that you know he or she is after you. Next，don't go home at once. You are safer in the street than you are alone in your home or in a lift.
●If you have to take a bus to a place far away, try to get to the stop a few minutes earlier before the bus leaves. On the bus，don't sit alone. Sit behind the driver or other people. Don't sleep.

Can you imagine a world without the Internet? It's surprising to think about it.
Now, China has more than 162 million Internet users, according to the China Internet Network Information Centre. This is the second highest number of user in the world after the United States. Today, 66%of Chinese "netizens （网民）" are teenagers. "They spend about thirteen hours every week online," said Qian Hulin, an Internet expert(专家). Doctor Song in Beijing Xuanwu Hospital said about 14% of Chinese netizens who are teens often lasted over ten hours to play online games.
The main reasons why teenagers surf the Web are to search for information, to communicate with others and to have fun. On the Internet, teenagers can find out almost anything. And surfing the Web can help students with their homework and widen their knowledge.
Li Dong, a teacher at No. 41 Middle School in Shijiazhuang, likes her students to use the Internet. "When we talk in class, students who surf the Net usually know more background information than the others," she said.
In addition, people can use the Internet to write letters or stories and send e-mails. Many teens keep in touch with their friends online. It is cheaper than phoning somebody far away and also much quicker.

      Now satellites are helping to forecast（预报）the weather.  They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world.  The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere（大气）, because this is where the weather forms（形成）.  They send these pictures to the weather stations.  So meteorologists（气象学家）can see the weather of any part of the world.  From the pictures, the scientists can often say how the weather will change.　　

    Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures.  When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare（比较）them with earlier ones.  Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours.  This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too.  In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this.
　 So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists.  Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24 or 48 hours.  Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days.  Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead（提前）.

阅读理解。根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误。

        When we feel the ground moves suddenly, it means that an earthquake may come. Many of the earthquakes first come under the sea and then happen anywhere on the earth. Especially they often happen near the mountains and seas such as Wenchuan, Japan and Indonesia.

        When an earthquake happens, it's very easy to cause a tsunami (海啸). Houses fall down, many people are injured and even died.

        Now scientists are trying their best to study earthquakes. They make maps to show the “earthquake belts (地震带)”. So the houses there must be quite strong.

        We believe that scientists will be able to tell us when and where an earthquake will happen in the near future. Also, they can tell us what to do and how to do. People can even use earthquakes to do something for us humans.

阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

    You may get the idea once or twice a year. You come home on a hot summer day, hoping to have a cool bath, and find out there is no water. Then you see how important water is in your everyday life. However, in many parts of the world, water is not just about one's everyday needs.

    In countries like Tanzania, water is hard to get, and the job of collecting water falls on women's shoulders. Girls are often kept home from school to collect water while their brothers stay at school studying. More time spent collecting water means less time for learning. For these girls, "Knowledge is power" is not just words; it is a sad fact in real life. With less time spent at school, their chances of getting well-paid jobs are small. And they often have no voice in important matters, like who to marry. These girls are often married into poor families. They have little money or knowledge to take care of their children, so the children often die young. For the baby girls who are lucky enough to live, their life may still center around "water," just like it did for their mothers.

请根据短文内容, 完成下列任务。

    This is a home of the future, a "smart home", where technology can do almost everything. Imagine we are in the year 2050, ①the computer wakes Tom up in themorning as usual. In front of him is a to-do list of the important events for the day, and it is provided by the computer too. According to Tom's request, the computer serves a list of possible dishes. All the dishes are nice.

    As Tom eats breakfast, the computer reminds him to reply to Lucy. Before Tom finishes his next bite, Lucy's computer receives the message. Then Tom goes to the supermarket. The store's system checks his car when he drives to the pickup area and greets him by name. "Good morning, Tom! Your order is in Case4. Thank you for shopping.'' When Tom removes his order from Case 4, all trades are completed automatically(自动地)over the information superhighway. That is, the money is electronically paid into the bank. Soon after arriving at the office, Tom reads another message from Lucy, telling him that she will go to dinner with him.

    The smart home can also do many other things:

    ◆Find things like keys and mobile phones.

    ◆②        (打开或关闭)machines and lights with your voice.

    ◆Clean your home from clothes to buildings automatically.

    ◆Record everything and everyone entering and leaving the house.

    ◆Take care of each member of the family, young or old.

    ③With the development of technology, the smart home will come true in the future. It is sure to play an important part in our life.

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      Andrew Holleman, a 12-year-old boy, loved playing in the open land near his home. The land was wet and forested, and made a home for birds, other animals and many different plants. It made the perfect place for him to study and get to know the nature. He had seen some red-tail hawks, red foxes, wood turtles and other animals. He also found special native flowers.

      Suddenly it was announced that the “empty” land would be improved by a lot of houses on it. The plants would be removed, the animals would run away and most would probably die. Then the wet soil(土壤) would be covered with extra grounds. When he heard about the news, he was not happy. He was very worried that the land and water would be polluted.

      Andrew wrote down clearly all the research he had done about the area, and how the houses would affect the local environment. He sent letters to members of local government and television reporters. He also called on his neighbors to oppose the building of the houses.

Although he was only 12 years old, he had the courage and wisdom of a person much older. Andrew's teachers described him as gentle, shy and active. His classmates also admired how much he knew about local animals and plants and the environment. Each day after school, Andrew went door-to-door, to ask the people to sign, who did not want the houses to be built. In only one month, he got the signatures of 250 people. In the end, the land remained a safe place for birds, animals and plants that belonged there.

      Andrew won many prizes for his brave and great work to stop the houses being built, and thus help save the environment.

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C

Why Are They Left-handed（左撇的）?

What do Napoleon, Clinton and Wang Nan have in common(共同的)? They are all left-handed. Today about 15% of the number of people is left-handed. But why are people left-handed? The answer is the way the brain(大脑) works. The brain has two halves—the right half and the left half. The right half controls(控制) the left side of the body and the left controls the right half of the body.

    So right-handed people have a strong left brain, and left-handed have a strong right brain. The two halves of the brain are about the same size. But each side controls different things. The left side controls language, maths and logic(逻辑). When you remember new words or when you put things in order, you use your left side. The right side of the brain controls your love of art, colour and music. It is also good at recognizing(认出) faces. This does not mean(意思是) that all artists are left-handed and all accountants(会计师) are right-handed. Some right-handed have a strong right brain, and some left-handed have a strong left brain.

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    Let me tell you something about sharks. Sharks are among the oldest animals in the world. There are over three hundred and fifty different kinds of sharks in the world. Most sharks are about two meters long and live in the seas.

    A shark can smell something in the water, for example, the blood of animals. That helps them find their food. Sharks mainly eat fish, other sharks and plants in the sea.

    Most sharks bite people by mistake. They think a person is a large sea animal. When the sun goes down or comes up, sharks are looking for food. So at these times people shouldn't go swimming in the sea.

    Today people kill sharks for food and their skin. The number of sharks in the world is dropping fast.

阅读下面材料，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

B

    Language students often think they have memory problems. They worry because they can't remember words. In fact, the problem usually isn't with their memory. The problem is with how they study.

    To remember words better, you need to understand how memory works. There are two kinds of memory: short-term and long-term. When you see, hear, or read something, it goes first into short-term memory. But short-term memory lasts for only a few seconds. You will only remember something longer if it goes into long-term memory. Your long-term memory is like a very big library with many, many books. And like a library, it's organized (有条理的). When you put away a book – or memory – you can't just leave it anywhere. You have to choose a place where you can find it again.

    How can you do this with vocabulary? The answer is to work with the word and think about the word in new ways. You can do this by writing new sentences that include it. Even better, you can invent a little story about the word, with people or places that you know. Another way is to make a picture in your mind with the word. For example, if the word is height, you can think of the tallest person you know and try to guess his or her height. All of these activities are good ways to think about words. They make the meaning of words stronger in your long-term memory. And they give a way to find a word when you need it.

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    June 5th is World Environment Day. This makes us pay more attention to our environment. When Wang Boxuan, a Beijing high school student, uses up his exercise books, he does not throw them away. Each one is kept at his school with hundreds of exercise books that are given by other students. Then they are sold to a Beijing paper-making factory.

    The paper is recycled and used again by students and teachers in the school. At the same time, the money that is made from the sales goes to schools in Inner Mongolia(内蒙古). The government there uses the money to plant more trees and grass. This place is one of the sources(源头)of the sandstorms(沙尘暴)that often attack Beijing during springtime.

    Wang's school is one of the schools in the capital that take part in the \"green promise" environmental protection activity. So far, nearly210，000 students have taken part in the activity, collecting more than 87 tons of waste paper.

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    Every morning my father buys a newspaper on his way to work. Every evening my mother looks through magazines at home. And every night, I look at the posters with photos of David Beckham and Yao Ming on my bedroom wall before I go to sleep. Can we imagine life without paper or print?

    Paper was first created about 2,000 years ago, and has been made from silk, cotton, bamboo, and, since the 19th century, from wood. People learned to write words on paper to make a book. But in those days, books could only be produced one at a time by hand.  As a result, they were expensive and rare. And because there weren't many books, few people learned to read.

    Then printing was invented in China. When printing was developed greatly at the beginning of the 11th century, books could be produced more quickly and cheaply. As a result, more people learned to read. After that, knowledge and ideas spread quickly.

    Today information can be received online, downloaded from the Internet rather than found in books, and information can be kept on CD-ROMs or machines such as MP3 players.

    Computers are already used in classrooms, and newspapers and magazines can already be read online. So will books be replaced by computers one day? No, I don't think the Yao Ming posters on my bedroom wall will ever be replaced by a two-metre-high computer!

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    Developing healthy eating habits starts from childhood, therefore it is important for parents to teach and provide children with a healthy diet.

    DPHSS administrator of the Bureau of Nutrition Services, Charlie Morris said, "A healthy diet for a child always includes a lot of fruits and vegetables in the diet limiting the amount of simple sugars in the diet and high fat food and highly processed* food." This means staying away as much as possible from food such as chips, cookies, candies and sugary drinks, because all children need to have meals and the meals should be a well-balanced diet.

    Community nutritionist* Thelma Romoso said, "The fruit, the vegetable, the grain, the protein, and also the milk, the diary product are all necessary in the diet for a child. Among them, the fruit and the vegetable should come first. It's easy for a mother to go into the two plus three concept* of fruits and vegetables or five a day." This concept means that there are at least two servings* of fruits a day, three servings of vegetables a day which can be served for lunch and dinner.

    Morris also said that the child's hunger level influences how much is eaten and the parent controls what and when the meal is offered, saying, "Mom needs to make sure that the food offered is good food for the child to eat and she also needs to consider how active they are through the day. Snacks* are not a bad thing, so the mom should offer good kinds of snacks as well."

    When it comes to preparing your child's lunch and snacks for school, make sure to keep in mind that the food you provide should not only provide enough energy but also be healthy such as fresh fruits, and whole grain bread. But parents must be sure to remember that a good healthy diet must be balanced with physical activity, that is to say, it is important that children get outside and run around and play and get activity besides eating a good diet.

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

The Vine That Ate the South

    Kudzu is a fast-growing vine (蔓生植物) that covers a large area in the southern United States. It is so common that one might think it is a native plant, but it is not. Kudzu was brought to the United States from Japan in 1876. Many Americans thought it was beautiful, and they began to plant it. They didn't know it could grow up to a foot a day during the summer months. Nor did they know it would grow up and over anything in its path (路径).

    In Japan, kudzu experienced cold winters and a short growing season. But in the United States, it has a very long growing season with warm and wet southern weather. It is fine weather for the vine to grow fast.

    In the 1920s, people used the vine to feed farm animals. Ten years later, the government supported to plant kudzu because it kept soil (土壤) from washing away. However, by the 1950s, the government no longer wanted people to plant the vine. Twenty years after that, the government said it was a harmful plant.

    The vine grows up trees and buildings, making some beautiful shapes. However, trees die after kudzu covers them because they cannot get enough light. Scientists are looking for ways to kill the vine. They used poisons (毒药)to kill the vine. However, some of the poisons made it grow even better. Scientists also find it difficult to dig up Kudzu. The plant is really tough.

    Because kudzu is so hard to kill, some people are making the best of it. So they try to find different uses for the vine. They find the vine can be used to make paper and baskets, it can be used to feed the goats, and it can even be eaten by people. Scientists are studying it in the hope that the vine can be used as a medicine. At the very least, kudzu serves as an example of the unexpected results that can come from non-native plants.

根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。

    Almost every Chinese person can recite the two lines of the famous poem, ＂Every grain on the plate comes from hard work(谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦).＂ But sadly, many of us don't actually get the real meaning of these lines: Don't waste food.

    A CCTV program, News One Plus One, reported that the food Chinese people throw away every year is enough to feed 200 million people for a year.

    Do we have too much food? Of course not. According to the UN World Food Program, there were 925 million hungry people around the world in 2010, especially in developing countries. Six million children die of hunger every year.

    Chinese people are well known for being hospitable(好客的) and generous. Many even feel that they lose face if their guests have eaten all the food on the table.

    Luckily, a number of people have realized the importance of saving food. Last November, Li Hong, a waitress in a restaurant in Nanjing, got fired because she took some left over food home for her son. Many people stood by her side and criticized(批评) the waste of food.

    What should we do in our daily lives to waste less food? Here are some tips:

    ⒈ Do not order too much in a restaurant. Only order as much as you want to eat. If you cannot eat all the food you ordered, take the rest of it home.

    ⒉ Don't be too picky(挑剔的) about food. Some food may not taste great, but your body needs it.

    ⒊ Keep an eye on what food you have at home. Don't buy too much, especially for vegetables and fruit.

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    Soon computers and other machines will be able to remember you by looking at your eyes! The programme works because everyone's eyes are different. So in the future you won't have to remember a number when you want to use a machine or take money out of a bank. You'll just have to look at the machine and it will be able to tell who you are. The eye recognition (眼睛识别) programme is tested in shops and banks in the USA, Britain and Italy.

    Scientists are working on other systems, such as knowing you from the shape of your face or hands or even your smell! And machines can already tell who you are from your voice or your fingerprints (指纹), But the eye recognition programme will replace other ways of finding out who you are. It is better. because your eyes don't change as you get older, or get dirty like hands or fingers. And even twins have different eyes, so the programme can be up to 94% correct depending on how good the technology is. In Britain, it was found that 91% of the people said that they liked the idea of eye 一 recognition.