广东省广州市越秀区2021-2022学年高二下学期英语期中考试

He is a 62-year-old superior court judge, but they are former addicts and criminals. All of them, however, are part of one team: the Skid Row Running Club in Los Angeles (L.A.).

Twice a week, before the sun comes up, Judge Craig Mitchell runs the mile from his office at the country courthouse to The Midnight Mission, a social service organization centered in Downtown's Skid Row—the well-known area where the city's largest homeless population lives.

At the organization, he meets a group of 30 to 40 people and together they run through East L.A. The group includes runners from all walks of life and all levels of athleticism. Some members are homeless or in recovery, and others are lawyers, social workers or students.

Mitchell developed the program in 2012 after a man he'd once sentenced to prison returned to thank him. "He was paroled (假释) to The Midnight Mission and decided to come back and said "Thank you, Judge Mitchell, for treating me like a human being." The president of the organization at the time asked me if there was something that I could do to contribute to the organization, and I thought of starting a running club. That was the inception." Mitchell said.

Every year, Mitchell takes his most devoted Skid Row runners on a free trip to participate in an international marathon. "I come back to the courthouse after any run and check off who is there. And so, I know exactly who has been faithful to the running program and who just comes once in a while," he said.

Mitchell says he's been some participants turn their lives around, attending college, securing full-time employment and possessing calmness. "Running is a way for the participants to build relationships," he said. You can be an amazing runner and benefit as much as our fast runners, because at the end of the day you're going to be surrounded by people who really care about you and want to spend time with you. Everybody is welcome. We believe. We listen. We support.

The argument that human-caused carbon emissions are merely a drop in the bucket compared to greenhouse gases generated by volcanoes has been making its way around the rumor mill for years. And while it seems to be reasonable, the science just doesn't back it up.

According to the US Geological Survey (USGS), the world's volcanoes, both on land and undersea, generate about 200 million tons of carbon dioxide annually, while our automotive and industrial activities cause some 24 billion tons of CO₂ emissions every year worldwide. Despite the arguments to the contrary, the facts speak for themselves. Greenhouse gas emissions from volcanoes compose less than one percent of those generated by today's human activities.

Another indication that human emissions surpass those of volcanoes is the fact that atmosphere CO₂ levels, as measured by sampling stations around the world, have gone up consistently year after year regardless of whether or not there have been major volcanic eruptions in specific years. "If it were true that individual volcanic eruptions dominated human emissions and were causing the rise in carbon dioxide concentrations, then these carbon dioxide records would be full of spikes—one for each eruption," says Coby Beck, a journalist writing for online environmental news. "Instead, such records show a smooth and regular trend."

Furthermore, some scientists believe that volcanic eruptions, like that of Mt. St. Helens in 1980 and Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, actually lead to short-term global cooling, not warming, as sulfur dioxide (SO2), ash and other particles in the air and stratosphere reflect some solar energy instead of letting it into Earth's atmosphere.

Scientists tracking the effects of the major 1991 eruption of the Philippines' Mt. Pinatubo found that the overall effect of the blast was to cool the surface of the Earth globally by some 0.5 degrees Celsius a year later.

In an interesting twist on the issue, volcanic activity may be contributing to the melting of ice caps in Antarctica but not because of any emissions, natural or man-made. Instead, scientists Hugh Corr and David Vaughan of the British Antarctic Survey believe that volcanoes underneath Antarctica may be melting the continent's ice sheets from below, just as warming air temperatures from human-induced emissions erode them from above.

"After 30 years of reading cardiograms (心电图), I can never tell whether it's from a man or woman, or the age of the person," said Eric Topol, a cardiologist from Scripps Research in La Jolia, California. "A machine can detect if a person has anaemia (贫血)or other difficult diagnoses (诊断)."

Topol is excited not only about how machines are already better than experts at spotting problems, but how they can discover patterns that experts wouldn't even notice. "In Japan, doctors are using machine vision to pick up polyps (息肉) in real time, and detecting whether or not they could be cancerous and whether they should have a biopsy," he said. "Machines will not replace physicians—but physicians making use of AI will soon replace those not using it."

Still, these are early days for the application of AI in healthcare. Pearse Keane, a consultant doctor at Moorrelds Eye Hospital, has been leading a collaboration between Moor fields and Google's Deep Mind Health. In 2018, he famously published a proof-of-concept paper in Nature showing the erst successful AI diagnosis for eye disease. "The algorithm that we've developed isn't in clinical use at the minute, so we're trying to implement this now," Keane said.

Keane mentioned the INSIGHT study, which is looking into eye disease and its link to other conditions such as diabetes (糖尿病). "We are using the eye as a window to the rest of the body. With deep learning, we can now look at a retinal (视网膜）photograph and say: 'This is a woman, she's 58 years old, she's not a smoker or a diabetic, her BMI is around 25, and her blood pressure is around 150 over 85'. Now, to me, that's staggering." Keane said.

The INSIGHT study is analysing more than three million OCT scans from around 300,000 patients. "We now know, for every person having had a retinal scan here, who's gone on to develop a heart attack or diabetes," he said. "The reason why we're excited is that we think that if we can get the appropriate data sets and learn them deeply, we can find much more in the back of the eye about the health of the rest of the body."

"The application of AI for healthcare and medicine is about precision and accuracy, but that's not all," said Topol. The most important aspect is how AI can promote a stronger human connection between doctor and patient. "We see patients in single digit numbers of minutes. And that's not enough, you need the gift of time, which AI can give back," he said. "Next year this will be the standard," he believes. "Rather than doctors being data clerks, they will be making eye contact with patients. There's no algorithm for empathy. That's a human characteristic that we have to develop and get back in the way it used to be."

Tips for overcoming adversity

◆ Be aware of, and accept that adversity is unavoidable in life. To avoid or resist it will only make it persist (持续) . Everywhere you look in the world there is unmistakable struggle. There are floods, tsunamis, wars and disasters of all types. Although pain is unavoidable, suffering is optional.

◆ Build your internal resources. Before adversity hits, work on cultivating (培养) emotional strength, courage and discipline. When you make yourself aware that certain difficulties are unavoidable, you can prepare yourself mentally for facing adversity head-on.

◆ Build your external resources. Build a support system of family and friends. We need someone to talk to, someone to help ease the burden (负担). You would be surprised to discover how often a friend has had a similar experience and can help guide you through the difficult time.

◆ That what does not kill you will make you stronger. If you do not have enough built-up resilience (韧性) or experience in dealing with difficulties, adversity can crush you. Resilience like any muscle is built up gradually with repeated exposure to adversity.

◆ Take inspiration and learn from others who have dealt successfully with adversity. There are many inspiring stories of people who overcame seemingly insurmountable (无法超越的) difficulties. For example, when Helen Keller was only 18 years old, she lost her sight and hearing due to a mysterious fever. She overcame her deafness and blindness to become a strong and educated woman.

A. Whether we like it or not, adversity is part of life.

B. But just knowing a friend is there can be most comforting.

C. But if you have sufficient resilience, it will make you stronger.

D. He prepares himself physically and mentally for any possibility.

E. When the going gets tough, we all need encouragement and support.

F. Usually, when you're prepared for the worst, the worst never happens.

G. They overcame adversity to live successful lives instead of yielding to it.

Carter Ries is 16 years old and has been running the non-profit organization, One More Generation, with his sister Olivia since 2009. Together these two young change-makers are working to1youth around the world to stand up, be heard, and 2 the planet.

Carter said in a 2017 interview, "My sister and I have been doing this for the last eight years and not once have we wanted to 3 One More Generation. There have been arguments and stress, but the reason we continue to 4 is that we motivate each other."

"Olivia and I go around the world 5youth groups about the need to save our planet — and so far we have6 shown many of these groups that anything is possible if you are 7 to work at it."

"We have created many campaigns — such as our Plastic and Recycling Awareness Week program — where we teach students how they can learn to help our environment. Another 8 is our Rhino（犀牛）Letter Writing Campaign, where we got over 10,000 kids from around the world to 9 letters to the South African government, asking them to 10 rhino poaching (偷猎). Not only did this show the South African government that people around the world 11, it also showed the youth that they had a voice of 12 and can use it on the go. The most 13 thing, however, is getting them to believe that."

"We recently launched a global OneLessStraw Pledge Campaign — highlighting the effects of global straw 14 on animals and the environment. We want to deliver a strong 15, 'Anybody can make a difference ... if we can, so can you!' "

A Russian fashion brand, 99Recycle, is trying to tackle St. Petersburg's mountains of garbage by creating an entire supply chain out of them.

Sustainability in fashion is becoming larger and larger concern as the 21st century rolls on, as the industry is one of the most problematic (polluter) in our society because of the amount and types of waste (produce) by it.

99Recycle's current goods include pencil and laptop cases, backpacks, bags, skateboards and a bicycle. 99Recycle uses a large 3D printer, which uses recycled plastic as a raw material. They (collect) over 70 tons of plastic so far by working with local recycling nonprofits.

"The process of preparing the materials is (complicated) than preparing ordinary materials. Most of our time is taken up by the (prepare), because we need to clean it, to make it even, to select it, to reject some materials," Olesya Kulik, designer at 99Recycle told Euronews.

Inside the factory, the 3D printer creates shapes and textiles（纺织品） are sewn together by hand, (mean) that each price is unique.

Along making products for purchase, 99Recycle hosts classes and lectures about sustainability and different ways (recycle), hoping to coach people out of their throw-away habits.