山东省历年中考真题分类汇编：任务型阅读（二）（2018年）

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    Everywhere in the world there are different ways of behaving．When we meet someone，everything we say and do expresses our cultural background．So if you want to get on with someone from another culture，it helps to understand something about these differences．

    Even how we stand depends on our culture．English people talk to each other at an average （平均的） distance of 130 cm，while Italians chat at an average distance of 80 cm．So Italians can think that English people are unfriendly because they stand too far away!And English people can think that Italians are too close．

    Touching is also cultural．The French touch much more than Americans．A French couple may touch 100times in half an hour while an American couple may only touch twice!And French teenagers touch each other much more than American teens．

    A survey of young people around the world looked at their ideas of today's teenagers．It shows how different they are to those of their parents and grandparents．The survey wanted to try and understand the next generation （ 一 代 人 ） of adults better and these are some of the results．They show that there are many more （A） similarities between young people around the world than differences．

   ①   

    Gap years （间隔年） between school and university are becoming more and more common．Today's teenagers want to travel to different countries and experience different cultures．They regard this as an important part of their character development．

   ②   

    For most teenagers，family and friends are the most important side of life．According to the survey，60 percent of British young people said their relationship with their family was of the highest importance to （B） them ．

   ③   

    75percent of teenagers in Western Europe expect to have enough money to live when they are adults．They are a happy generation．Eight out of ten believe they will have a good profession with a job they enjoy．They also expect that they will be happy and healthy．

   ④   

    Young people now are hungry  for all kinds of information on mass media.57percent of teenagers in the UK read at least one magazine every week，which is one of the highest totals in the world．

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    Every year animals all around the world take part in some wonderful journeys．Here are the stories of two amazing animal travelers．

    Humpback whales （ 座 头 鲸 ） prefer a slow journey．The humpbacks，

    which travel over 10，000kilometers on their journey from Alaska to Hawaii，swim at a relaxing speed of about 1.6kilometers an hour．Although they don't swim fast，humpback whales travel farther than any other kinds of whale．

    Every August a fantastic sight can be seen in the skies above Ontario and Montreal﹣millions of amazing Monarch butterflies （ 帝 王 蝶） beginning their 4，000﹣kilometer journey from Canada to Central Mexico．In fact，the journey，which takes about 3months，is longer than the average （ 平 均 的 ） life of the butterfly．Finally many of the butterflies reaching their final place are the great grandchildren or even the great great grandchildren of the butterflies who began the journey in Mexico the year before．

    As we know，there are differences between Westren culture and  Chinese  culture．．Let's look at some words about animals and plants．Most expressions in Chinese about the dog，for example，"a homeless dog"，"a mad dog"，"A running  dog"and"A dog catching a mouse"，have bad  meanings．，In  English，people use the  dog to describe good actions．For example，"you are A lucky dog"means you are A lucky person．And‘every dog has its day"means each person has gool luck sometimes．To describe a person's serious illness，they say‘sick as a dog"．The word"dog﹣tired"means very tired．．But in Western culture，"cat"is often used ti describe a woman who is unkind．There are many other examples of how"cat"is used to describe a woman who is unkind．There are many other examples of how‘cat"is used differently as well．

    People think the rose stands for love，peace，courage and friendship．And the rose is the national flower of England，America and many other countries．

    We can learn about many differences in cultures by comparing how some words are used．

A．Howerver，Chinese love cats very much

B．The words about plants and animals are used in good or bad ways in different cultures

C．We can see differences when we pay attention to the way words are used

D．However，westerners love cats very much

E．We can see simliarities when we pay attention to the way words are used

F．The rose is regarded as a symbol of love in both China and some Western countries

G．But in Western countries，dogs are considered to be honest and good friends of humans．

    [1]Once, when there was a famine（饥荒）, a rich baker sent for twenty of the poorest children in the town, and said to them, “In this basket there is a loaf（面包）for each of you. Take it, and come back to me every day at this hour for more.”

    [2]The hungry children gathered eagerly about the basket, and fought over the bread because each wanted the largest loaf. At last they went away without even ______ the good baker.

    [3]Gretchen, a poorly dressed little girl, did not fight or struggle with the other children, but stood quietly in the distance（远处）, When the badly behaved children had left. Gretchen took the smallest loaf, which was all that was left in the basket. She kissed the baker's hand and went home.

    [4]第二天，孩子们表现得像以前一样糟糕。Gretchen got a loaf almost half the size of the one she got the first day. When she came home, her mother cut the loaf open. Many new shining pieces of silver fell out of it.

    [5]Her mother was very worried and said, “Take the money back to the baker at once. The silver must have fallen into the dough by accident. By quick, Gretchen!”

    [6]When the little girl gave the rich man her mother's message, he said, “It was no mistake, I had the silver pieces put into the smallest loaf to reward（奖赏）you. Always be as content（满足）,peaceable, and thankful as you now are. Go home now, and tell your mother that the money is yours to keep.”

    Imagine you have a history or math test in school.  How should you prepare for this terrible event?

    Should you reread your history, math or English books? What about underlining important words or sentences?  But are these truly the best methods?

    Mary Pym, an American scientist, says that both rereading and underlining are ineffective（无效的）study tools, but better than not studying at all.

    When you reread something, you are not trying to actively receive the information. It seems that you already know the information because you've already read it.

    The problem with underlining is that you don't always know what the most important information is. .

    What should you do if rereading and underlining are not the best ways to study for a test?

     simple cards and practice exams can help when you want to make sure that you have learned something.

    No matter what methods you choose, you should know that effective learning takes time and effort.

    Dawa Dorji has many jobs: singer, barkeeper and English tour guide, but he is most famous as the lead singer of the first folk(民间的) pop band in Tibet(西藏).

    In 2003, Dawa Dorji met two fans of Tibetan music., and later another two joined the band.

    , so they had to practise on weekdays in a small village after work. Dawa Dorji and his band members believed that they needed to communicate with their audience(听众) in order to write good songs. .

    At the beginning, most audience were foreigners, but after a couple of months, many local people came to enjoy their music. .

    “Whenever there is a festival, we Tibetans sing and dance, I sang songs with the old people, and I learned more about how to sing,” said Dawa Dorji.

    , and many of them are from traditional ones.

    Dawa Dorji believes that their efforts(努力) are meaningful for introducing Tibetan folk music to the whole nation, and even the whole world.

    In early spring, the changing temperature usually makes a number of Chinese people uncomfortable. Cold air, bringing rain or even snow, easily tears up(破坏) the warmth of the spring within a night(一夜之间).

    However, with the coming of Guyu-the Grain(谷物) Rain, the blue sky and gentle winds would finally stay. Falling usually on or around April 20 every year, Guyu is the sixth of the 24 solar terms(节气). It means the beginning of a lively summer and people get busy from now on.

    Sow(播种) grains

    This is an important period of the growth of grains. The ancient Chinese already knew that as Guyu comes, the weather will become warm enough for sowing. The farmers usually catch the chance to plant rice, corn and beans.

    Hope for safety and harvest

    For those living near the sea, they will hold some ceremonies(仪式) on Guyu, hoping for safety as well as harvest during the coming fishing season.

    Watch the peony

    It's also a great time to see the peony(牡丹), which is known as “the Queen of All Flowers” in Chinese culture. As a result, watching peonies becomes one of the most enjoyable activities for many. The flower is said to be the favourite of Empress(女皇) Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty, who was the only woman ruler in Chinese history.

    Pick tea leaves

    Tea leaves picked before Guyu are among the best tea leaves. People believe that the tea leaves picked on the day of Guyu can make eyes clear and drive away bad luck. So the habit of drinking tea at this time of year has become a tradition in some places of China.

Complain(抱怨) Politely

    Not everything goes the way you want it to. You may go to a restaurant and order a nice meal. But your order is wrong or not cooked properly. You may buy a product that breaks the next day.However, if you speak angrily to people, they will become defensive(自卫的). Then they are less likely to help you. A more effective (有效的)way to get what you want is to stay calm.

    Use polite language and a friendly tone of voice. Start with phrases such as, " I'm sorry to bother you, but. "or" Excuse me, but could you.?" For example, "I'm sorry to bother you, but I ordered potato soup, not vegetable, "Phrasing your complaint as a question also helps. Could you help me? I just bought this phone case yesterday, but it's cracked.”

    There is no faster way to make someone defensive than by blaming them. Use the phrase.“ I know this isn't your fault, but…”or“There has been a misunderstanding.” Blaming people isn't as important as getting a problem fixed!

    There are honest mistakes, but at times someone may try to take advantage of you. In that case, don't say "Hey! You're trying to cheat me! "Instead, use the phrase, "I understood that…" For example. "I understood that the service charge was included in the price. Then give the person a chance to answer.

    If you don't get what you want with polite conversation, ask to speak to a manager or supervisor. .

E

    Sara wants to buy a motorcycle. She sees an ad in the newspaper for a used one. She calls the telephone number in the ad. The person who is selling the motorcycle lives on Flag Street in Clifton, about 15 miles from Fairview where Sara lives. She'll take a bus to get there on Sunday.

    At the bus station. Sara looks through the bus schedules(时刻表). She sees one that says “Fairview, Clifton" on the front. That's what Sara needs.

    Please look at the bus schedule carefully. Then help Sara make her decision, and answer the following questions.